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Psychology > approaches: origins of psycholgy > Flashcards

approaches: origins of psycholgy Flashcards

1
Q

list the 12 stages of psychology’s philosophical roots from earliest to most recent
(list people where applicable)

A

1-Descartes: cartesian dualism
2-Locke: empiricism (later formed the basis of the behaviourist approach)
3-Darwin: evolutionary theory
4-experimental philosophy
5-Wundt: opened 1st experimental psychology lab in germany
6- Freud: established psychodynamic approach
7-Watson and Skinner : establish the behaviourist approach
8-Rogers and Maslow: develop the humanistic approach
9-the cognitive approach
10-Bandura: social learning theory
11-the biological approach
12-cognitive neuroscience

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2
Q

what does Cartesian dualism suggest?

A

that the mind and body are independent from each other

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3
Q

who suggested Cartesian dualism?

A

Descartes

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4
Q

what concept did Locke propose?

A

empiricism

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5
Q

explain the concept of empiricism

A

experience is obtained through the senses and that human don’t inherit knowledge or instincts

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6
Q

what is the behaviourist approach?

A

it’s an approach that suggests that things can be understood by investigating external events that are observed and measured

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7
Q

who created the evolutionary theory?

A

darwin

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8
Q

what does the evolutionary theory suggest?
(i’ve broken this down into three parts)

A

-that all human and animal behaviour has changed over successive generations so that individuals with stronger more adaptive genes survive and reproduce
-the individuals with weaker genes don’t survive and reproduce
-so the weaker genes are ‘weeded out’ (survival of the fittest).

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9
Q

what does experimental psychology define psychology as?

A

a branch of the broader discipline of philosophy.

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10
Q

what does wundt do and what impact does this have on psychology?

A

-(he) wundt opened the first experimental psychology lab in germany
-this causes psychology to emerge as a distinct discipline in its own right

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11
Q

what was the name of the book that Freud wrote and what approach is established bc of this?

A

-the interpretation of dreams
-the psychodynamic approach

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12
Q

what did freud emphasise/focus on? what did he argue?

A
  • the influence of the unconscious mind on behaviour
    -that physical problems could be explained in terms of conflict within the mind
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13
Q

what was the name used to describe Freud’s personal centred therapy?

A

psychoanalysis

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14
Q

who wrote‘psychology as the behaviourist views it’?

A

watson

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15
Q

what did skinner do?
“they established the..”

A

the behaviourist approach

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16
Q

rogers and maslow developed what approach?

A

the humanistic approach

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17
Q

what does the humanistic approach suggest?

A

that self determination and free will should be valued rather than assuming that human behaviour isn’t determined by the individual.

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18
Q

what does the cognitive approach do to psychology?

A

reintroduces the study of mental processes but in a much more scientific way than wundt’s investigations

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19
Q

what changes in society brought about the cognitive approach? and how did this help psychologists?

A
  • the introduction of digital computers
  • this gave psychologists a metaphor for the human operations of the human mind
20
Q

who proposed the social learning theory?

A

Bandura

21
Q

what theory did Bandura propose?

A

the social learning theory

22
Q

what approach does the social learning theory take?
“one that focuses on…”

A

one that focuses on the role of cognitive factors in learning

23
Q

from 1980s onwards, what type of approach had become the dominant scientific perspective in psychology?

a) biological
b)behaviourist
c)humanistic

A

a

24
Q

why did the biological approach become the dominant scientific perspective in the 1980s?

A

because of advances in technology tht led to increased understanding of the brain and the biological processes

25
Q

when did cognitive neuroscience become a distinct discipline?

A

towards the end of the last century

26
Q

what’s a strength of wundt’s work? regarding his methodology

(PEE)

A

P- some of his methods were systematic and well controlled
E- introspections were recorded in a lab, ensuring that possible extraneous variables weren’t a factor. procedures and instructions were as
E-

27
Q

what is a strength of SLT (social learning theory) regarding cognitive factors

A

P- it recognises the importance of cognitive factors in learning
E- neither classical or operant conditioning offer an adequate account of learning individually. humans and animals store information abt the behaviour of others and use this to make judgments abt when its appropriate to perform certain actions
E- suggests tht SLT provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning by recognising the role of meditational processes (the process of thinking/deciding about whether or not to do something)

28
Q

give a weakness of the SLT approach regarding its lack of focus on biological factors

A

P-SLT has been criticised for making little reference to the influence of biological factors on social learning.
E- although Bandura claimed natural biological differences influenced our learning potential, he thought that learning itself was determined by the environment. howvever, recent research suggests that observational learning, may be the result of mirror neurones in the brain, which allow us to empathise w/ and imitate other people
E- suggests that biological influences on social learning were overlooked in SLT

29
Q

what was bandura’s aim in his 1961 bobo doll study?

A

to investigate whether children can learn behaviours just from watching adults

30
Q

(bandura’s bobo doll study 1961)

what was bandura’s hypotheses about the bobo doll study?

A

that children who will watch the adult model act aggressively towards a bobo doll would imitate their behaviour when given a chance to play with the same doll

31
Q

(bandura’s bobo doll study 1961)

outline the procedure of bandura’s bobo doll study

A
  • 72 children, half boys half girls, aged 3-6 from a nursey participated in this laboratory experiment. The mean age was 4.4 years old
  • A matched pair design was used when dividing participants into the 3 experimental groups.
    o Group 1- 24 observed an aggressive adult/role model
    o Group 2- 24 observed a non-aggressive adult/role model
    o Group 3- 24 observed no one (the control group)
  • Children were first assessed for their aggression levels by two observers and divided into groups in a way that ensured similar levels of aggression across groups.
  • Each group consisted of 12 girls and 12 boys
32
Q

(bandura’s bobo doll study 1961)

what was found in bandura’s bobo doll study study regarding the gender of the adult/ rolde model?

(2 things)

A
  • Girls displayed more physical aggression after watching an aggressive male model but showed more verbal aggression when the model was female
  • Boys imitated the aggressive male models more than when observing female models.
33
Q

(bandura’s bobo doll study 1961)

what was found in bandura’s bobo doll study study regarding the gender of the children? in other words- wht were the differences between boys and girls?

(2 things)

A
  • Boys showed more physical aggression than girls
  • Verbal aggression was similar for girls and boys
34
Q

what group was found to have displayed the most aggressive behaviour? (gender doesn’t need to be mentioned here)

(bandura’s bobo doll study 1961)

A

The group that saw an aggressive model displayed the most aggressive behaviour compared to the other groups

35
Q

what types of aggression did the children who observed aggressive behaviour exhibit? (bandura’s bobo doll study 1961)

A

they displayed both imitative and non-imitative aggression (aggressive acts tht weren’t displayed by the model)

36
Q

what did bandura conclude from the 1961 bobo study?

A

-that children could learn from the observation of adult models.
-Children tended to imitate what they saw the adult model do. suggesting that learning can occur without reinforcement (rewards and punishments).

37
Q

give a strength of bandura’s bobo doll study 1961 regarding its control

A

P- it was highly controlled
E- as it was conducted in a laboratory where researchers could carefully manipulate the variables
E- this allows researchers to establish the cause and effect better

38
Q

give a weakness of bandura’s bobo doll study 1961 regarding its ecological validity (what type are we talking about here?)

A

P- it lacks mundane realism
E- bc it took place in a lab and not in a real life setting
E- so it can’t be established whether or not children would behave like this in real life

39
Q

give a weakness of bandura’s bobo doll study 1961 regarding its ethicality

A

P- it raises ethical issues
E- bc kids are deliberately being taught to be violent
E- this issue makes harder to repeat the study

40
Q

define the term ‘schema’

A

it is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information

41
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes.

42
Q

who in the 1860s identified how damage to an area of the frontal lobe could permanently impair speech production, marking the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

a)broca
b)bandura
c)bowlby

A

a- paul BROCA

43
Q

what is a strength of the cognitive approach regarding its use of scientific methods
PEE

A

P- it uses objective, scientific methods
E- this approach uses highly controlled and rigorous methods of study so researchers are able to infer cognitive processes at work.this has involved use of lab studies to produce reliable data.
E- meaning tht the study of the mind has a credible scientific basis

44
Q

what is the biological approach? “an approach that…”

A

an approach that emphasises the importance of physical process in the body such as genetic inheritance and neural function

45
Q

what does neurochemistry refers to?

A

the action of chemicals in the brain

46
Q

what’s a genotype?

A

the particular set of genes tht a person has

47
Q

what’s a phenotype?

A

characteristics of an individual determined by both genes and the environment

Psychology (6 decks)

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