social influence

Question 1

what is the ao1 for asch study

Answer 1

-123 american males- 36.8% naive ppts conformed
group size- 1-15 2 confeds= 13.6% conformity 3 confeds=31.8% conformity
5% conformity when dissenter introduced who disagreed with majority
higher conformity when similar lines (ISI)

Question 2

what is the ao3 for Asch study

Answer 2

• x artificial situation+task
• x little app- only used males and americans- colllectivist culture show higher conformity
  -research support- Lucas et al- maths

Question 3

what are the types of conformity

Answer 3

internalisation- permanent, public and private, e.g. vegan
identification - value group, public not private e.g. football team
compliance- temporary change, stops when pressure eased e.g. joke

Question 4

what is the ao1 for explanations of conformity

Answer 4

ISI- cognitive process in ambiguous situations, desire to be right
NSI- desire not to appear foolish, social support/approval

Question 5

what is the ao3 for explanations of conformity

Answer 5

• research support ISI- Lucas et al- harder questions= higher conformity. Dissenter causes findings to vary as reduce NSI and ISI power
• x NSI- individual differences- nAffiliators- social relationships McGhee and Teevan found they’re more likely to conform

Question 6

what is ao1 for conformity to social roles

Answer 6

Zimbardo- 21 males, psych tested emotionally stable randomly assigned. Prisoners= numbers uniforms = deindividualization
guards= complete power over prisoners
2 days= riot guards retalliated by harrasing prisoners who were subdued and anxious. 3 released early psychological disturbance. 6 days ended rather than 14

Question 7

what is the ao3 for conformity to social roles

Answer 7

• control key variables - random and emotionally stable
• ethical issues- 5 prisoners = mental and physical torture- Zimbardo info gained worth it
  -x lack realism- ‘cool hand luke’ - prisoner 416 thought prison ran by psychologists 90% convo bout prison life

Question 8

what was the study for obedience- ao1

Answer 8

Milgram- 40 American males, ppt = teacher
learner remember word pair if wrong= shock
teacher uncertain given prods: ‘please continue’ ‘it is essential you continue’ ‘you have no other choice but you must go on’ 12.5% ppts stooped 300v 65% continue to 450v. 3 ppts seizure. debriefed- 84% glad participated

Question 9

what is ao3 for milgram study

Answer 9

• Beauvois et al - 80% shocks unconscious man
• -lacks validity - pop and cultural. internal validity bc perry 1/2 believed real - demand characteristicd - BUT puppy study - milgrams study genuine
• ethical issue- deceoption but then debriefed to overcome. Baumrind thinks serious consequence as damage future milgram research

Question 10

what is the ao1 for agentic state (situational explanations)

Answer 10

• acting on behalf of authority figure
  -autonomous state= behave according to own principles agentic shift= change from autonomous to agentic as perceive someone else as authority
  -binding factors- situation aspects to reduce moral strain and ignore damaging effect of action

Question 11

what is ao3 for agentic state

Answer 11

• research support- Milgram- ppt knew experimenter took responsibility got through procedure quicker- ppts acted as agents
• x doesn’t explain many findings- Rank and Jacobson- nurse disobeyed doctor to give excessive dose even though was authority figure

Question 12

what is ao1 for legitimacy of authority (situational explanation)

Answer 12

obey further up hierarchy as authorities through social agreement
some use power for destruction

Question 13

what is ao3 for legitimacy of authority

Answer 13

• explains cultural differences- 16 australian abeyed 85% germans did authority varies in different cultures as gives them someone to obey
• x can’t explain all obedience- doesn’t acknowledge innate tendencies to disobey- rank and jacobson nurses disobey doctor

Question 14

what is the ao1 for dispositional epxlanations

Answer 14

authoritarian personality- high obedience=pathological and formed via harsh parenting
submissive to authority, contempt to inferiors
Adorno- 2000 middle class white americans rate 1-6 on scales (e.g F scale.) authoritarians score high on scale identified with strong people and conscious of others status- have fixed cognitive style

Question 15

what is ao3 for dispositional explanations

Answer 15

• supporting evidence- elms and milgram (so fully obedient ppts from milgram study high on F scale)
• not whole country behvaiour- many germans show obedience and anti semitiic behaviour - more likely germans identified w/ nazi state - SLT?
  -politically biased- CHristie + Jahoda - F sacke tendanct right wing- doesnt explain left wing authoritarianism

Question 16

what is the ao1 for situational variables

Answer 16

Milgram
touch proximity- force hand 30% remote instruction 20.5%- proximity= psycholgically distance
run down building- 47.5% uni has legitimate authority
ordinary clothes- 20%

Question 17

what is the ao3 for situational variables

Answer 17

-research support- Bickman- security jacket/tie confed
-cross cultural replication- Meuss and Raajimakers- proximity affects obedience and done in deifferent culture- Smith and Bond- replications both done in individualist
-x low internal validity- experimenter switched for general public- demand characteristics?

Question 18

what is the ao1 for resistance to social influence - social support

Answer 18

pressure to conform less when others dont
asch- dissenter acted as model conformity fell Milgram obedience fell 65% to 10% in disobedient peer condition

Question 19

what is the ao3 for social support (resistance to social influence)

Answer 19

• reserach support-Gamson 88% groups rebelled against orders - shows role of dissenting peers
• supporting evidence- preganant smoking adolescents paired with buddy- smoke less than control

Question 20

what is the ao1 for resistance to social influence- locus of control

Answer 20

internal loc- place control with themselves, greater resistance to social influence
external loc - place control outside themselves

Question 21

what is the ao3 for locus of control

Answer 21

-supporting evidence- Holland 37% internals didnt continue 23% externals did- increases validity
-x not all research supports- Twenge, meta analysis, people become more independant but more external - not generalisable?

Question 22

what is the ao3 for minority influence

Answer 22

• research support- wood et al- meta analysis - consistency is most influential factor
• x artificial- lacks external validity
• explains social change- Nemeth says minority arguments cause engagement in divergent thinking
• research support- deeper processing0 Martin et al- ppts less willing to change opinion of listened to minority rather than majority

Question 23

what is the ao1 for minority influence

Answer 23

• small group influence others beliefs = internalisation
• consistency= synchronic (all say same thing) diachronic (say same thing for some time)
• commitment- deep involvement, augmentation principle
• flexibility - willingness to listen-Nemeth- beig consistent and repetitive is rigid and off puting
  Moscovici- 4 ppts 2 confeds 36 varying blue slides condition 1= confeds consistently said slides were green ppts gave same wrong answer 8.4% condition 2- inconsistent confeds agreement fell to 1.25% control- 0.25%

Question 24

what is the ao1 for social influence and social change

Answer 24

drawing attention- civil right marches showed proof
consistency- large scale marches
deeper processing - think deeply about unjustness
augmentation- freedom riders challenged separate black seating
social crypto amnesia- forget events leading to change
NSI- people follow others

Question 25

ao3 social change

Answer 25

• x nsi - foxcroft
• minority influence - nemeyh encourages divergent thinking
• deeper processing also apply majority - pressure to think different