memory Flashcards
what is the ao1 for WMM
active when temp storing info
CE= allocates salve system to tasks
phono loop- preserves order info arrives
phono store- words you hear
articulatory control system- maintenance rehearsal
visuo spatial sketchpad- visual cache- visual info, inner scribe- object arrangement
episodic buffer- time sequence
what is the ao3 for WMM
- support from KF- STM for digits poor when heard but good when written. Supports STM has multiple stores
- research support- Baddeley- harder remember long words- limited rehearsal space in articulatory bc word lenght effect disappears if given suppression task - supports articulatory process
- x lack of CE clarity- baddeley CE most important but least understood- WMM not fully explained
what is the ao1 for multi store memory
sensory register- high capacity <0.5 sec duration one for each of our senses (iconic and echoic) STM has duration of 18-30 secs, 7+-2 capac and acoustic coding
prolonged rehearsal transfers info to LTM which is unlimited and semantic
what is ao3 for multi store
- research support- Baddeley jacobson etc found LTM and STM different stores but mainly used artificial stimuli = low validity
-x too simplistic - KF better when reads showing STM multiple stores Clive wearing play not learnt showing LTM different stores
what is the ao1 for LTM
Tulving
episodic= conscious thought, events and faces, memories time stamped
procedural= no conscious thought, actions and skills
semantic= schemas and facts
what is the ao3 LTM
- research support- Brain scan- episodic= hippocampus semantic= temporal- x poor agreement on LTM locations- Buckner and petersen semantic left prefronta cortex but tulving found opposite
-real llife application- Belleville et al- episodic improve in elderly with cognitive impairements- help develop specific treatment
-research support- Clive Wearing
what is the ao1 for interference theory
proactive= past interferes with current- Underwood ppts 10+ lists 24 hrs later remember 20% 1 list= 70%+
retroactive= current interferes with past- Muller- worse performance when interviewing task between initial learning and recall
what is that ao3 for interference theory
- research support- Baddeley and Hitch- rugby players
- x artificial stimuli- word syllables, ppts lack motivation = low ecological validity
- x time effects - lab overestimate inference in real life
what is the ao1 for EWT- Cog interview
Fischer and Geiselman - report everything, reinstate context (context dependant forgetting), recall different order, change perspective
ECI - interviewer know when to and not to make eye contact, encourage witness speak slow, minimise distractions
what is the ao3 for EWT- cog interviewer
- research support- Kohnken meta analysis - 41% more accurate info than normal SI
- x time consuming - take longer and need special training
- x some elements more valuable than others - Bull found combining report all and reinstate context = better recall
what is the ao1 for EWT- misleading info
leading questions- by form/ context suggest desired answer. shown traffic accidents ‘how fast were cars going when they hit together’ SMASHED= 40.8mph CONTACTED = 30.8mph
post event discussion - convo between co witnesses contaminates memory. Gabbert et al - pair watch diff video of same event, encouraged to discuss before individual recall- 71% recall mistaken info
what is the ao3 for misleading info
-real life info - psych research warns justice system bout accuracy of EWT
- x demand characteristics- when want to help may guess if dont know answer- low internal validity
- x conflicting evidence - Skagerberg and Wright- ppt watch clip either dark brown hair or light. recalled blend - memory is distorted by contamination not memory conformity
what is ao1 for EWT anxiety
accuracy increases to point when stressed but drastically falls
negative effect - weapon focus effect - Johnson + Scott- man run through room w/ greasy pen (low anxiety) or bloody knife (high) identify man with pen= 49% knife 33%
positive effect- high causes enduring accurate memories - Christianson + Hubinette interviews 4-15 months after robbery witnesses=75% recall victims (high anxiety) best recall
what is the ao3 for EWT anxiety
- successful research - C+H used real context crime- meaningful evidence, real life app
- x doesn’t acknowledge individual difference- Bothwell assessed ppts for neurocitism (cause :( emotion) and had worse accuarcy. Other factors not just anxiety
- x surprise not anxiety - Picker theif in hairdressers scissor (high threat, low surprise) hand gun (high threat, high surprise) chicken (low threat, high surprise)- accuracy worse with high surprise conditions
what is ao1 for cues and retrieval
cue= reminder retrieval failure= lack of cues
encoding specificity- memory most affected if info at encoding is there at retrieval
context dependant - forget if not in same place - visualise or go back - Godden + Baddeley- scuba divers learn words
- state dependent- same physical or mental state- Goodwin et al - word list drunk or sober
