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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ao1 for localisation of function

A

holistic theory- all parts of brain involved in thoughts and actions
localisation- soecific areas linked with physical and psychological function
cerebral cortex- motor area= frontal lobe voluntary movement somatosensory area= parietal lobe, process sensory info from skin Visual area= occipital lobe RVF send to left visual cortex auditory area= temporal, analyse speech based info
Broca: speech production, damage= lack fluency, struggle prepositions and conjunctions
Wernicke: language understanding, damage= produce neologisms , fluent and meaningless speech

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1
Q

what is the ao3 for localisation theory

A
  • support from neurosurgery - Dougherty et al- 30% OCD had successful response to cingulotomy 14% partial response - isolate cingulate gyrus can focus on serious mental disorders
  • brain scan evidence- Petersen et al- listening task Wernicke active Tulving - episodic and semantic memories different part of prefrontal cortex
  • x language localisation model questioned - Dick+ Trembley - few researchers believe only in Broca + Wernicke as FMRI show regions in right hemisphere and thalamus. Language organised holistically??
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2
Q

what are is ao1 and ao3 for definitions of abnormality

A

statistical infrequency - number not normal is abnormal. IQ 70 rare and infrequent= abnormal :( not always bad so inaccurate :( further stress unnecessary label
deviation social norm- act different to wider society - :) more validity that statistic as based on social norm :( cultural relativism
failure to function- cant cope agoraphobia- cant do crowded :)recognise patient view- help understand whether need help :( others may view as not coping but due to personal freedom
ideal mental health - Jahoda 8 criteria no distress self actualisation :) positive approach no label :( unrealistic criteria falsely state abnormality?

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3
Q

what is ao1 for cog approach to explain depression (beck negative triad)

A

depression caused by negative self schema maintained through negative triad: :( of future world and self due to faulty info processing and cog bias
e.g. depressed may overgeneralise make sweeping conclusions from 1 incident

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4
Q

what is ao3 for cog approach to explain depression (Beck negative triad)

A
  • supporting research - Boury et al found depressed more liekly to mis interpret info negatively and feel hopless bout future - supports triad and bias- Clark + Beck found depressed experienced cog vulnerabilities
  • x reductionist - doesnt extreme the anger or delusions of depression so may be bio explanation reseachers found low serotonin level in depressed and SSRI treat by increase serotonin
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5
Q

what is the ao1 for cog to treat depression

A

CBT- therapist and client identify :( thoughts using triad and challenge irrational thoughts by discussing for and against evidence for thoughts. Scientist does hwk to validify negative thinking
REBT- therapist disputes irrational belief by empirical (want evidence for thought) or logical argument (question logic). Behavioural action is aim as want to get back into everyday hobbies

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6
Q

what is ao3 for cog way to treat depression

A
  • supporting evidence- March et al- after 36 weeks 81% CBT group, 81% antidepressants and 86% of CBT and antidepressants improved
    • x CBT over emphasise role of cognition as primary cause. Doesn’t acknowledge circumstances
      -x requires motivation - may not engage or attend so high attrition. high relapse rate- Ali et al 42% relapse 6 mths 53% year STM solution
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7
Q

what is ao1 for genetic explanation (bio approach to explain OCD)

A

OCD polygenic- Taylor- 230 genes COMT regulate dopamine OCD=high dopamine SERT affects serotonin transport OCD= low serotonin active in brain

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8
Q

what is ao3 for genetic explanations (bio approach to explain OCD)

A
  • supporting evidence - nestadt- 68% identical twin share OCD 31% non identical. 1st degree relative more likely to develop due to genetic link
  • x environmental factors - Cromer OCD correlated numerous traumas so may be other explanation for OCD development not just genetics
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9
Q

what is ao1 for neural explanations (bio approach to explain OCD)

A

serotonin role in OCD, regulates mood, low=low mood characteristic of OCD SERT gene
high dopamine OCD symptoms (e.g compulsions) PET scans OCD, activity heightened in orbital frontal cortex shown OCD stimulus (dirty pen)- increases conversioni of sensory info to actions causing compulsions

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10
Q

what is ao3 for neural explanations (bio approach to explain OCD)

A
  • supporting evidence - antidepressants work on serotonin to reduce OCD symptoms - also linked with conditions with serotonin link (e.g. parkinsons) neural factors play a role
  • x lack of cause and effect- bio model suggest OCD caused by brain dysfunction but this just correlation but might be due to trauma impacting function. - lacks strong evidence for causal factor for neural explanation
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11
Q

what is ao1 for bio approach to treat OCD

A

SSRI prevent reabsorption and breakdown of serotonin so continues to stimulate postsynaptic neuron e.g. Prozac increases serotonin in synapse daily used for 3-4 mths
Tricyclics - serotonin and noradrenaline- worse side effects so only used when SSRI fail
Benzodiazepines treat anxiety by quieting influence on brain and stress- Valium enhance GABA performance

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12
Q

what is the ao3 for bio approach to treat OCD

A

-effective- Soomro SSRI more effective than placebo across 17 trials. reduce symptoms by 70%
-cost effective, non disruptive unlike CBT- favoured by doctors/ psychiatrists
-x serious side effects- SSRI= blurred vision, low sex drive tricylics= 1/10 erection issue- cause high attrition

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13
Q

what is the ao1 for behavioural approach to explain phobia

A

phobia by cc or oc or slt
Mowrer- 2 process model- phobia learnt through cc maintained through OC
CC- associate NS with smth triggers fear (UCR). after association CS causes CR
OC- phobia negatively reinforced by remove unpleasant consequence - e.g. fear of lift so take stairs (avoidance)

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13
Q

what is the ao3 for behavioural approach to explain phobia

A
  • research support - Watson and Raynor - little albert- show cc involve in acquiring phobia
  • real life application- led to flooding (prevent avoiding phobia stops neg reinforcement ) and SD (unlearn fear via cc principle) successful therapy
  • x not explain all phobia- Bounton some have evolutionary factor (e.g snake) some are innate not learnt. predisposition known as bio preparedness casts doubt on Mowrer model
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14
Q

what is the ao1 for bio approach to treat phobia (flooding)

A

-behvaioural therapy
-immediate exposure as can’t avoid it
- exposing fear constantly , force to learn harmless so fear subsides as gets exhausting - EXTINCTION
requires informed consent

15
Q

what is the ao3 for bio approach to treat phobia (flooding)

A
  • clinically effective - Ougrin - just as effective as SD but quicker to achieve positive results so more favourable- one session so cost effective
  • x symptom substitution - behaviour successfully removed but counter conditioning cause another to appear in place of it- initial cause remains, may resurface
  • x traumatic - Schumacher, ppts more stressed than SD- cause initial high anxiety causing high attrition as too stressful to cope
16
Q

what is ao1 for bio approach to treat phobia (SD)

A
  • counter conditioning- phobia learnt so phobic stimulus (CS) produce fear (CR), CS paired with relaxation due to theory of reciprocal inhibition- cant experience 2 emotional states at same time
  • create anxiety hierarchy phobic situations least to most terrifying - work through using relaxation techniques until completely relaxed = successful SD
17
Q

what is ao3 for bio approach to treat phobia (SD)

A
  • better than flooding- no engagement on cog level more ethical. doesn’t cause distress so lower attrition- lack of cog element makes good for disabilities or severe anxiety
  • x doesn’t always work - notnot all develop through experience (CC) some are evolutionary as give survival benefit- limited treating ones with innate basis
  • x symptom substitution - CC may cause another behaviour to occur instead of one removed- Initial cause remains

paper 1 psychology (4 decks)

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