Social influence Flashcards

Question

# zimardo why did he stop

Answer 1

his gf made him realise that it was causeing him to change for the worse, threatened to leave him

Answer 2

- deception - violation of right to withdraw - lack of informed consent - faliture to protect from physical/ phycological harm

Answer 3

naive ppts were told they were partaking in a memory test, they thought they were giving real shocks they could leave, realism, avoids demand characteiscs, debreifed

Answer 4

4 prods they could leave, realsim of obedience in a situation

Answer 5

not telling them that mr wallice wasnt real prevents demand characterics

Answer 6

3 teahers had uncontrollable seziers, stress guilt 85% reported to have been happy to take part in the study

Answer 7

- like asch, milgram wanted to see how levelswould change if he changed something about his original experiment ( a new IV) - he belived obedience was more dependant on exteral factors ( thinngs in the enviromet) than internal factors like personality/ perception

Answer 8

proximity location uniform

Answer 9

the resukts from milgrams variations were used to develop an explantation for obedience situational variables 'situational variables' is one explanatio for why people obey two types of Q's - ' outline and evaluate milgrams variatopns in obedience research' - ' outline and evaluate situational variatopns as an explanation for obedience '

Answer 10

- the physical closness or distance of an authoratiy figure to the person they are giving an order to Findings: when the authority figure was out of the room giving orders obedience dropped from 65 to 20.5% when the learner was in the same room as the ppt, obedience dropped from 65 to 40% Conclusions: the more proximity between teacher and authoeirty figure the more likely the ppt will go all the way

Answer 11

the place where the oder is issued - the status/ prestige associated with the location milgram replicated his study in a run down office as opposed to yale university findings: 47.5% obeyed in a less prestegous envirment conclusion: the less prestegeous the location, the lower the obedience

Answer 12

the outfit that is symbolic to one's authority this indicates to the rest of us who is enitled to expect obedience - original uniform was the white lab coat - in variation, a normal member of the public in 'everyday' clothes played the experimenter findings: 20% went all the way, most change, significant conclusions: lacl of uniform decreases obedience rates

Answer 13

Bickman (1974) - got 3 confederates to dress in different outfits - jaket and tie - milkman - security guard unifomr they stood on the side of the street and asked people to complete a seires of tasks e.g. picking up litter people were twice as likely to obey teh man dressed as a secuiirty gaurd than the jacket and tie + field experiment so less demand charactareistcs, antural envi so high ecological validty milgram's research: consistent results so high reliability due to replication situatioal variables: high validity as proves theory

Answer 14

- in milgram's variations we only changed one factor (situatioal variables) at a time - doing this he used 1000 ppts in total - high control over variables = increased internal validity - 100 ppts = high replicability = high reliability

Answer 15

orne and holland argued that many ppts worked out the experiment was fake due to the extra manipulation of more variables e.g. mr wallice in the room perry 2013 listened to the tapes and heard ppts doubt the shocks were real changed beaviour- less internal validity ∴ if milgram's research lacks validity, then as an explanation for obedience that came from it situational variables lacks validity too

Answer 16

for a person to shift to shift to the agentic state (and thereofre obey) they must percieve legitimacy of authority an explanation of obedience which suggests that we are more likely to obey people who we percive to have authority over us this authority is justified by the person's position of power within a social heirachy - we accept some people have authority to allow society to function properly - we are willing to give up our independance so they can exert conrol effecienlty - e.g. milgrams study: white lab coat was a symbol

Answer 17

the things we associate with the person giving instructions help us perciee when authoriy is legitimate or not e.g. uniform, ties, accessories, badge, gun, lanyard

Answer 18

- as a situational variable just the presence of a uniform causes people to obey - as a symbol of loa unifrom aids our cognitive processing when working out whether the authority is legitimate or not

Answer 19

internal factors

Answer 20

external factors

Answer 21

individual processing of external factors

Answer 22

not all psychologists agree that situational and social factors can explain obedience alone not all ppts obeyed in milgram's study, differences in personalities, disposition

Answer 23

a type of personality that adorno argued was especially susceptible to obeying people in authority such individuals are also thought to be submissive to those of higher status and dissmisive of inferiors Adorno 1950 developed this personality type trying to understand the obedience Nazi soilders showed towards hitler

Answer 24

harsh parenting- strict, descipline, expectations to be complely loyal, high standards, unconditional love for parents, even if they dont agree with them these experiences create hostility and despair in the child - who displaces these feelings onto the 'weak' scapegoating

Answer 25

adorno et al (1950) investigating the causes of an obedient personality in a study of more than 2000 middle-class white americans and thier unconscious attitudues towards other racial group they developed an 'F' scale to measure the relationship between a person's personality type and prejudiced belifs

Answer 26

fascist... someone who belives in a totalitarian state rule by a supreme leader who controls everything possible and treats people harshly

Answer 27

- those who had scored highly on the "F scale" identified with strong people and were generally contempteous of the "weak" - they were very conscious of thier own and others status

Answer 28

- they were no grey areas between categories - they had fixed and distinctive steryotype about other groups - there was a strong positive correlation between authoritarian and predjudice

Answer 29

Rotter 1966

Answer 30

believe that they have personal control over the events in their life

Answer 31

beliebe that they have little control over the events in their lives - luck, chance, faith

Answer 32

more likely to resist social influence more likely to take responsibility for their actions whether good or bad, so are more likely to base their decision on their own beliefs they are shown to be more self confident, achievement orientated intelligent

Answer 33

research support - oliner and oliner 1988 interviewed two groups for non jewish people that lived through the holocaust and nazi germany grouo 1- 406 protected and rescued group 2 - 126 didn’t group 1 were more likely to have an internal LOC this shows support for loc as an explanation for resistance as instructions were discovered, resisting social influence - self report = could be lying, social desirability, approval after holocaust, protect their self image - correlation , don’t cause = effect

Answer 34

twenge er al 2004 analysed data from a range of american studies done on loc that were carried out over 40 years meta analysis = when a researcher writes about studies done to come up with an overall conclusion - they found that people became more resistant to social influence over time but also more external evaluation: if recharge is linked to having an internal loc we would expect people to become more internal as they become more resistant - this affects accuracy as low internal validity so therefore low explanatory power as clear explanation isn’t given ambiguous

Answer 35

when whole societies rather than just individuals adopt new attitudes belifs and ways of doing things e.g. recycling, rights for women, gay marrige, earth orbits the sun social change can come about via two different routes: minority inflence and majority influence

Answer 36

conversion process

Answer 37

obedience and conformity

Answer 38

1. drawing attention to the issue: a minority can bring about social change by drawing attention of the majority to the issue 2. cognitive conflict: the minority creates conflict between the majorities original views and the views advocated by the minority 3. consistencey of position: the more consistent the minority are with their views over time, the more influence they will have on the majority 4. the argumentation principle: if minority are willing to suffer for their views they seem committed and will be taken more seriously 5. the snowball effect: the minority influence is small initially but as more and more members of the majority change their view they reach a 'tipping point' the point of wide-scale social change

Answer 39

- conformity - social norms, normative social influence -

Answer 40

internal factors

Answer 41

external factors

Answer 42

psychologists dont believe that obedience can be explained by situational and social factors alone e.g. not all ppts obeyed im milgram's study differences in personality-disposition

Answer 43

individals who are submissibe to authority

Answer 44

harsh parenting, high standards, discipline these experiences create hostility and despair in the child who displaces these feelings onto the weak - scapegoating

Answer 45

when the sense of who you are is based on the group ypu belong to in group vs out group

Answer 46

LOC social suppourt

Answer 47

normative informational

Answer 48

situational variables agantic state legitimancy of authority

Answer 49

presence of people who resist pressures to conform/obey can help others do the sane these people act as models to show others that resistance to influence is possibke NOTE: a model doesnt have to agree with you to show social suppourt, just the fact that they are not conforming with th majority is enough to enable someone to follow their own consience overall breaks unanimity

Answer 50

Asch's variations, when a confederate was instructed to give a different wrong answer to the majority vonformity dropped from 36.8% to 5.5% this shows that the pressure of people who resist pressures to conform hwlped others do the sae as they act like models to show resistance is possible

Answer 51

milgram did a variation where the 'teacher' was joined by a confederate as a second teacher when confederate was instructed to disobey obedience from ppts dropped from 65% to 10% this shows that the presence of people who resist pressure to obeyencourages people to do the same

Answer 52

an explanation for how we make sense of what directs events in our lives (how much control we have) e.g. if you fail an exam, why do you believe it happened

Answer 53

ppl belive they have personal control over the events in their life domino effect, reason for eveeything, salf blame

Answer 54

belive that they have little personal control over the events in their lives luck, fate, blame people around them

Answer 55

i was late because i forgot to set my alarm my alarm didnt go off

Answer 56

those with an internal loc are more likely to resist sovial influence they are more likely to take responsibility for tehir actions whereer good or bad, make decisions basewd on their belifs more self-confident, achivment oridentated, intelligfent liss likely to need social approval

Answer 57

when researcer writes about studies done to come up with an overall conclusion

Answer 58

SV- its presence is all that’s needed to cause people to obey As a symbol of legitimacy uniform aids our cognitive processing when working out if authority is legitimate or not