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Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

1
Q

what is normative social influence?

A

conforming to the majority to avoid outcast/rejection.
desire to be liked/social approval
emotional reasons
(superficial/temporary behaviour)

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2
Q

what is informational social influence?

A

desire to be correct, if a situation is ambiguous, driven by belief others have more knowledge/correct info
cognitive reasons
permanent change in view/behaviour is genuine.

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3
Q

what were asch’s line study findings?

A

75% conformed once
5% conformed everytime
overall rate in critical trials 32%

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4
Q

how did group size affect conformity?

A

1 confederate= 3%
2= 13%
3= 33%
after that conformity stayed steady

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5
Q

how did unanimity affect conformity?

A

conformity dropped to 5%, suggesting presence of dissenter provides social support

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6
Q

how did task difficulty affect conformity?

A

smaller difference (more ambiguous)=confomity increases.
argued due to pp’s being more uncertain about their judgements- more susceptible to ISI

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7
Q

define social influence

A

the process by which individuals and groups change eachother’s attitudes and behaviours

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8
Q

identification

A

conforming to the opinions/behaviours of a group to be a part of it
may publicly change, not privately agree

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9
Q

internalisation

A

genuinely accepting the group norms, privately and publicly
attitudes/behaviours have been accepted into our own
e.g becoming vegan- all your flatmates are
deepest conformity level

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10
Q

compliance

A

going along with others in public, not in private
shallowest type of conformity
e.g laughing at a joke u don’t find funny but ur friends r laughing

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11
Q

outline a study done to research conformity to social roles

A

zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

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12
Q

define obedience

A

a type of social influence in which an individual follows a direct order.
the person issuing it is usually a figure of authority, who has the power to punish when not obeyed

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13
Q

outline milgrams study into obedience, procedure

A

an authority figure (experimenter) ordered the pp (teacher) to give an increasingly strong shock to a learner located in a different room
15 volt steps up to 450
shocks were fake -unaware to teacher

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14
Q

what are milgrams 3 situational variables

A

proximity, location, uniform

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15
Q

how did proximity affect obedience?

A

teacher & learner sat in same room
obedience dropped from 65-40%
teacher could directly experience learners pain
other variation- teacher pushed learners hand onto shock plate-
dropped to 30%
being further away allowed to psychologically distance from their actions

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16
Q

how did location affect obedience

A

47.5% in rundown building
prestige of Yale uni gave the setting more credibility and legitimacy than the rundown office

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17
Q

how did uniform affect obedience?

A

obedience dropped to 20% when experimenter (lab coat) was took over by ordinary member of public
uniform is strong symbol of legitimate authority , and encourage obedience

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18
Q

what are the situational explanations for obedience

A

agentic state & legitmacy of authority

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19
Q

what’s the dispositional explanation for obedience

A

authoritarian personality

20
Q

agentic state occurs…

A

because a person doesn’t take responsibility, instead they believe they’re acting for someone else e.g an agent

21
Q

what is an autonomous state (opposite of agentic state)

A

we feel free of other influences and so take responsibility for our actions

22
Q

what is the agentic shift and why does it happen?

A

the shift from autonomy to ‘agent’
occurs when a person perceives someone else as an authority figure.
the authoirty figure has greater power bc they’re higher in social hierachy

23
Q

what is legitimacy of authority?

A

society is structured in a hierarchical way- people in certain positions hold authority over the rest of us e.g teachers/parents
the authority they wield is legitimate, it’s agreed by most of society

24
Q

zimbardo’s stanford prison experiment

A

mock prison, basement stanford uni
selected 21 male student volunteers, who tested as ‘emotionally stable’
randomly assigned g/p

25
Q

what did the guards in SPE wear?

A

uniform reflecting status, wooden club, handcuffs, mirror shades
uniforms created loss of personal identity (deindividuation)- more likely to conform to social role

26
Q

what did the prisoners wear in SPE?

A

loose smock, cap to cover hair, identified by number

27
Q

SPE guard findings

A

highlighted the differences in social roles by creating opportunities to enforce the rules/administer punishments
identified more&more closely w role, becoming more brutal/aggressive , some enjoying power they had

28
Q

SPE prisoner findings

A

within 2 days rebelled, guards retaliated
after rebellion put down, became subdued, depressed, anxious
1 released-psychological disturbance
ended 6th day not 14

29
Q

SPE conclusions

A

social roles have strong influence on individuals behaviour
guards became brutal, prisoners submissive
roles taken on very easily by pp

30
Q

milgrams obedience study findings

A

every pp delivered all the shocks up to 300v
65% continued to 450v

31
Q

milgrams obedience study conclusions

A

german people are not ‘different’
the americans in his study were willing to obey orders even when they might harm another

32
Q

what are the characteristics of an authoritarian personality

A

strong submission to authority, adherence to social rules and hierarchy, the belief in absolute obedience

33
Q

what are some negative effects of having the authoritarian personality type

A

can have insecurities towards social change and unconventional people (who they might view as a threat)

34
Q

what did adorno construct

A

the f-scale questionnaire (1950)
a way to measure an individuals degree of AP based on how much they agree with a series of statements

35
Q

what did adorno say authoritarian personalities arose from?

A

forms in childhood, mostly as a result of harsher parenting
this parenting style typically features extremely strict discipline, expectation of absolute loyalty, extremely high standards, severe criticisms of perceived failings
parents give conditional love ‘ i will love you if..’

36
Q

what did harsher punishment style create

A

resentment and hostility in a child
but child can’t express that directly to parents because they fear punishment
fears displaced onto people they perceive to be weaker/socially inferior

37
Q

describe the role of social support in resisting social influence

A

if they have support from a dissenter, it frees the individual from the pressure to obey/conform, allowing them to act independently

38
Q

define the concept of ‘locus of control’ as proposed by Rotter

A

how much a person believes they control what happens in their lives.
measure on a scale of internal to external

39
Q

internal locus of control

A

believe they’ve a great deal of control over their lives and attribute their successes and failures to themselves personally

40
Q

external locus of control

A

believe many things happen outside of their control, and attribute successes/failings to luck, fate and other outside circumstances

41
Q

how does an internal locus of control influence the resistance to social influence?

A

more likely to resist and demonstrate independent behaviour
as they’re less likely to follow the crowd or blindly follow an order they think is wrong

42
Q

how does an external locus of control influence the resistance to social influence?

A

less likely to resist influence as less likely to take personal responsibility for their behaviour and have more need for social approval

43
Q

social support, allen and levine 1971, role of dissenters in conformity

A

found that introducing a dissenter in an Asch-style study greatly reduced conformity levels, even when they wore thick glasses and claimed they had poor eyesight
supports the idea that having social support increases resistance to social influence

44
Q

what did holland (1967) find about the relationship between ‘locus of control’ and obedience?

A

found that 37% of internals refused to obey to the maximum shock level in milgram-style study
compared to 23% of externals
this shows a link between locus of control and resistance to obedience

45
Q

define the concept ‘minority influence’

A

a form of social influence, in which a minority perusades others to adopt their beliefs, attitudes or behaviours
both in public and private

46
Q

what are the 3 key factors that make minority influence successful?

A

flexibility (being reasonable), consistency (repeating the same message e.g fun fancy dress party)
commitment being prepared to make sacrifices

47
Q
A

Psychology (8 decks)

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