Attatchment Flashcards
interactional synchrony
caregiver + infant reflect both actions/emotions of each other in a coordinated way
‘mirroring’
reciprocity
2 way process
adult + infant respond to eachothers signals (verbal, facial, behaviours), taking it in turns
like a conversation
attatchment
2 way emotional bond between 2 individuals, in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security
schaffer’s stages of attatchment
asocial
indiscrimiante attatchments
specific attatchments
multiple attatchments
cuboard love theory
we learn attachments to the person providing us with food
AMSCI
adaptive, monotropic, social releasers, critical period, IWM
how long did bowlbys maternal deprivation theory say the critical period was
first 30 months
what happens if there’s a lack of monotropy attachment
permanent negative social, intellectual & intellectual consequences for development
attatchment types
secure, insecure resistant, insecure avoidant
strange situation findings
secure most common
insecure least common
avoidant more common in individualistic western cultures resistant in collectivist non-western
more variation within countries than between
insecure avoidant
keep distance
exploring freely
low stranger and seperation anxiety
when mum returns, don’t look for comfort
mum shows little sensitive responsiveness
secure
use mum as safe base as exploring
moderate stranger/seperation axniety
happy reunion/settle quick
mum shows SRi
insecure resistant
clingy/don’t explore
seeking closeness to mum
high stranger/seperation anxiety
mum returns=ambivalent
mum shows inconsistent SR
maternal deprivation consequences
deliquency, low IQ, affectionate psychopathy
What did Rutter suggest about the effects of privation?
adoption within first 6 months is important, rate of recovery depends of age of adoption. The effects of privation are severe/long-lasting but many show recovery after adoption at 2, suggesting CP is sensitive
Hazen & Shaver (influence of early attachment)
argue adults relationship type is a continuation of their infants attachment style. argues if secure= more socially capable in childhood/adulthood than insecure due to an effective IWM
continuity hypothesis
suggests an individuals future will follow a pattern based on IWM
schaffer/emerson stages of attachment findings
-seperation anxiety occured most by 25-35weeks
-stranger anxiety month later
-in 18 month follow up 87% had multiple attachments
suggesting development occurs in 4 stages, quality of caregiver infant interactions matters to strength of attachment
schaffer/emerson stages of attachment aim
to identify stages of attachment
schaffer/emerson procedure for formation of early attachments
-anaylysed CI interactions
-mothers kept a diary tracking infants behaviours of seperation/stranger anxiety & social referencing
-visited infants once a month then at the end
schaffer role of father findings
75% attached to father by 18m
-29% within a month of primary attachment demonstrated by seperation anxiety
-suggesting father role is important but unlikely to be first attachment
what did the grossman 2002 study role of father suggest about primary and secondary parental attachments?
-longitudinal study
-mothers were primary attachment bc they took physical&emotional care of child
-father’s secondary bc they played with child
classical conditioning explanation
-association between mum (NS) & pleasure, bc of food (innate UCR)
-associated mum w/ pleasure of being fed
-mum becomes CS, also causing pleasure
-baby feels happy near mum
-formation of attachment
operant conditioning explanation
-baby cries, triggering a response e.g mother feeding/comforting
-more frequent= more reinforced
-child associated mother w/ rewards
-being rewarded encourages baby to cry to recieve more reward
-food primary reinforcer, mother seconday
what was bowlby’s theory of monptropy
-evolutionary explanation
-argues infants have an innate drive to form an especially strong monotropic attachment to their mother and stay close in proximity
-says it’s instinctual, vital to survive
lorenz goose study procedure
-goose eggs randomly divided, half to hatch w biological mother, half to hatch w/ lorenz & incubator
lorenz goose study findings
-goslings he hatched followed him, not bio-mum
-those that hatched naturally followed bio-mum (imprinted on mum/lorenz)
-critical period of 32hrs- if hadn’t imprinted then, they’d have lost the ability
harlows monkey procedure
-placed in cage w fake mums
-1 mum provided milk, other was comfort
harlows monkey findings
-spent most of time with comfort cloth, only seeing food mum quickly to eat
-returned to comfort when frightened
-monkeys w/o comfort mum had stress related illnesses
what did maternal deprivation cause harlows monkeys
-permanent social disorders as adults
-difficulty mating/raising offspring
van ijzendoorn procedure
-large scale meta analysis
-200 infants
-32 studies
-8 countries
-studied attachment using strange situation
van ijzendoorn findings
-secure most common in all countries
-avoidant most common in individualistic countries
-resistant in collectivist non-western
-more variation
van ijzendoorn country percentages for attachment types
germany IA= 35%
japan IR= 27%
china least secure= 50%
UK most secure= 75%
strange situation procedure
-106 infants 48-67 weeks old
-structured observation, controlled lab
-each stage 3 min
-assessed proximity, secure base, stranger&seperation anxiety, reunion response & SR
strange situation findings
66% secure
34% insecure (21% IA, 12% IR)
what did the strange situation findings suggest about forming a secure attachment
a secure attachment develops due to the attention of a consistently SR mum
what does an infant need during CP for secure attachment
consistent, monotropic, warm care
