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AQA Alevel Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Three types of conformity? (Majority)

A

Internalisation
Integration
Compliance

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2
Q

What are two explanations of conformity

A

Normative social influence
informational social influence

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3
Q

What did Asch research

A

conformity and variables that effect it

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4
Q

How many participants in Asch’s research and who were they

A

123 American male undergraduate students

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5
Q

What was the procedure of Asch’s study

A

showed a standard line on a white card and 3 comparison lines on another card . Asked pps which line was the same as the standard line. each naïve participants placed within a group of 6-8 confederates. confederates all gave the wrong ans

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6
Q

How many trials did the pps take part in and how many were critical- Asch

A

18 trials, 12 critical trials

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7
Q

What % of confederates conformed , didn’t and gave the wrong ans most of the time

A

75% at least once, 25% didn’t, 36.8% gave wrong ans most of the time

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8
Q

Why did most pps conform

A

Due to NSI

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9
Q

What are the 3 variables affecting conformity

A

Group size
Unanimity
Task difficulty

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10
Q

Aschs findings about group size

A

When there were 3 confederates, conformity to wrong answers increased by 31.8%

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11
Q

Aschs findings about unanimity

A

Introduced a non conforming person(dissenter) to see if it would affect naive participants. Conformity rates decreased with a dissenter

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12
Q

Aschs findings about task difficulty

A

Made the task harder by making the lines more similar to the stimulus line. Conformity increased as the task got harder, mainly due to ISI

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13
Q

Eval that the Asch study is historically biased

A

Perrin and Spencer (1980) repeated Aschs study with UK engineering students. Only 1 conformed out of 396 trials. It is possible that they were more confident about measuring a line due to the nature of the subject . In 1950s they were more conformist as that was a social norm

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14
Q

Eval about biased sample Asch

A

123 pps all same sex, age and group. Male American undergrads. Androcebtric research makes it biased as he dismisses women yet includes them in his findings as he generalises it. Research shows woman are more likely to conform as they are more concerned about social relationships. Therefore it is biased

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15
Q

Eval asch study, limited applications

A

Cultural differences. Aschs study- individualist culture. Concerned more about themselves rather than their social group. In other parts of the world ie China- collectivist cultures. Cultures more oriented to group needs.
Bond and Smith- Fiji 58% conformity
- Belgium 14%
Conformity rates higher than asch suggested

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16
Q

Ethical issue with Asch study

A

The naive pps were deceived
Do not have enough info to give their consent. Negative psychological consequences eg. Stress, humiliation

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17
Q

How were participants in Zimbardos research picked and who were they

A

24 male uni students. Ad in newspaper, would last 1-2 weeks and they would get payed $15 per day. They were controlled by ensuring they were emotionally stable and had no criminal record. They were randomly assigned their role as either prisoner or guard

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18
Q

What happened during the experiment (SPE)

A

Prisoners arrested at homes and deloused, stripped,given rags and numbers, guards given reflective sunglasses, sticks and military uniform. Each pp was interviewed during the study and just prior to the end.

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19
Q

Results of SPE

A

Prisoners became passive as guards became verbally hostile. Prisoners rebelled barackading themselves in their cells, they were pu oshed and were stripped and had their beds removed.Prisoners within the first 4days showed signs of extreme emotional disturbance. Zimbarfo internalized his role as super intendant. Prisoner 416 no longer saw this as an experiment but an actual prison

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20
Q

Who questioned the morality of the SPE

A

Christina Maslach, after speaking to guards and prisoners about their experience, she strongly objected.

21
Q

Conclusion of SPE

A

Both groups conformity to their roles and this supports the situational explanation

22
Q

Milgrams research aim

A

To investigate whether ordinary American citizens would obey an unjust order from an authority figure and inflict pain on another person because they were instructed to

23
Q

Milgrams research procedure

A

40 male pps(volunteer sample) payed $4.50.
Confederate always assigned role as learner.
Learner had to answer questions correctly, if they answered incorrectly or not at all, they were administered shocks from 15V to 450V.
Experimenter would give words of encouragement to the pp. Eg.’ The experiment requires you to continue’

24
Q

Milgrams findings

A

100% pps administered shocks up to 300V
12.5% stopped at 300V
65% continued up until 450V

25
Q

Milgrams conclusion

A

Pps obeyed orders given by authority figures no matter how wrong it was

26
Q

Ethical issues with Milgrams research

A

Deception
ROW
Protection against harm
Informed consent

27
Q

Strengths of milgrams research

A

-High reliability
-High internal reliability
-Positive contributions to society
-Supporting evidence for Leju de la mort, a documentary about a French reality TV show (temporal validity)

28
Q

Weaknesses of milgrams study

A

Low external validity
Low generalisability
Unethical
Volunteer sampling

29
Q

What were Milgrams situational variables

A

Proximity
uniform
location

30
Q

milgram Proximity and eval

A

teacher and learner in same room, teacher had to put learner’s hand on plate.
supporting evidence, milgrams og study

31
Q

Milgram uniform and eval

A

experimenter played by a member of public
Bickman(1974) 3 confederates dressed in diff outfits, milkman, civillian and guard.
people twice as likely to obey when asked by a guard than a milkman.

32
Q

Milgram location and eval

A

Change location to rundown office- 47.5%

33
Q

What are the explanations for social Influence

A

Agentic state/ agency theory
Legitimacy of authority

34
Q

What did Milgram propose about the agentic state

A

Milgram proposed that obedience to destructive authority was when people don’t take responsibility doe their actions

35
Q

What is an agent

A

Someone who feels anxiety/moral strain when they realise that what they are doing is wrong yet feel powerless to disobey as they believe they are acting on behalf of someone else

36
Q

What factors cause people to remain in the agentic state

A

Binding factors which are factors of a situation which allow people to minimize or ignore the damaging effect of their behaviour and reduce their moral strain.
An individual can shift responsibility to the victim or denying the damage they are doing

37
Q

What is the move from the autonomous to agentic state called

A

Agentic shift

38
Q

When does Agentic shift happen

A

When a person percieves someone as and authority figure as they have a higher position in the social hierarchy

39
Q

Strength eval for agentic state

A

Blass and Schmidt
-film of Milgrams study shown to students. Asked who they felt was responsible to harm of learner. They blamed experimenter not the pp as he wore uniform which is a symbol for authority and he was the expert. Shows agency theory

40
Q

Limitation of Agengic state

A

-> limited explanation doesn’t explain many research findings.
Hofling et al study isn’t explained. Agentic shift explanation predicts that nurses should have experienced similar levels of anxiety as Milgrams pps as they would have understood their role in the destructive process but didn’t. Suggests AS can only account for some situations of obedience. Personality could be a factor.

-> the obedience alibi
Limited explanation as there is evidence which shows Nazi behaviour cabt be explained in terms of authority and agentic shift. Mandel describe one incident when Grrman reserve police battalion 101 obeyed to shoot civilians in Poland despite not being given direct orders.

41
Q

What is Legitimacy of authority

A

An exp for Obedience that we learn to accept that some people are granted the power to punish from childhood. We are willing to give up a sliver of independence.

42
Q

What is destructive authority

A

When people abuse their legitimate powers for damaging purposes. Shown in milgrams study with experimenters prods

43
Q

Strengths for legitimacy of authority

A

Cultural differences. Kilham and Mann replicated Ms study in Auss- only 16%pps went to highest voltage.
Mantell 85% of Germans went to highest voltage. In some cultures, authority is more likely to be excepted as legitimate. Shows how diff societies are structured and how kids are raised. Supportive findings form cross cultured research. Increases validity

Real life application
Explain obedience and war crimes. Kelman and Hamilton argue My Lai massacre can be understood in regards to the hierarchy of US troops

44
Q

What is Authoritarian personality

A

P type by Adorno who argued that they were suspectible to obeying people in authority

45
Q

Traits of authoritarian personality

A

View society as weaker than it once was, submissive to authority,close minded, traditional roles

46
Q

Origins of AP and what this causes

A

Extremely strict discipline, impossible high standards, conditional love.
Resentment towards parents, scapegoat theor behaviour, hostility, fear of punishments

47
Q

Adorno et als aim

A

To investigate Unconscious attitudes towards other racial group.
Studied over 2000 middle class, white Americans. F scale. High= AP, low= liberal

48
Q

Eval for authoritarian personality

A

Research support for Adornos theory. Elm and Milgram found that pps who were more obedient scored higher on f scale but weren’t close to their parents. More likely to be obedient with AP as they respect AF. However there is RS to disprove this

AQA Alevel Psychology (5 decks)

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