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AQA Alevel Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an aim

A

A general statement of what the researcher invents to investigate the purpose of the study

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2
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis

A

States there will be a difference/relationship between the variable/co-variable to be investigated

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3
Q

What is a null hypothesis

A

States there will not be a difference/relationship between the variable/co-variable to be investigated

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4
Q

What is a directional hypothesis

A

States the predicted outcome of the difference/ relationship

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5
Q

What is nondirectional hypothesis

A

Dles not state the predicted outcome of the difference/ relationship

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6
Q

What are the 4 types of experiments

A

Lab, Field, Natural and Quasi

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7
Q

What is a lab experiment

A

Conducted in highly controlled environment where each variable can be carefully controlled. Researcher manipulates IV and records effect on DV

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8
Q

What is a field experiment

A

IV ais being manipulated in natural, more everyday setting

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9
Q

What is a natural experiment

A

Researcher takes advantage of a naturally occurring IV so they don’t manipulate it. It’s an observational study

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10
Q

What is a Quasi-experiment

A

Have an IV based on an existing difference between people. No manipulated variable

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11
Q

Which experimwnat are true experimenta

A

Field and lab

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12
Q

Strengths and limitations of Lab experiment

A

✔️
- high control over EV
-Can ensure any effect on DV is likely to be caused by manipulation of IV
-high internal validity
-ensures new EV not introduced
-replication are vital

❌️
-lack generalization
- low external validity
-rise to demand characteristics
- low mundane realism
-low mundane realism
- low ecological validity

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13
Q

Strengths and limitations of field experiment

A

✔️
- less artificial
-more natural
- higher mundane realism
- higher ecological validity
❌️
-loss of control
-ethical issues

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14
Q

Strengths and limitations of natural experiment

A

✔️
- IV can’t be manipulated for ethical or practical reasons
-increased mundane realism and ecological validity
❌️
- naturally occurring events may rarely happen,reducing research opportunities and generalizing findings to similar situations
-doesn’t demonstrate casual relationship as IV is not directly manipulated
- random allocation

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15
Q

Strengths and limitations of Quasi-experiment

A

✔️
-allows comparison between types of people
-carried under controlled conditions
❌️
-can’t randomly allocate participants to conditions
-participants may be aware of being studied

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16
Q

What is validity

A

The extent at which an observe effect is genuine

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17
Q

What is ecological validity

A

The extent to which findings from research can be generalised to other settings/situation

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18
Q

What is mundane realism

A

Task used to measure DV and how it effects us

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19
Q

What is Population validity

A

How well a sample used can be extrapolated to a population as a whole

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20
Q

What is face validity

A

Whether a test appears ‘on the face value’ to measure what it is supposed to measure

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21
Q

Concordance validity

A

Extent to which psychological measure relates to an existing measure

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22
Q

What scores correlation must there be for a score to be deemed valid

A

Positive 0.8

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23
Q

What is Temporal validity

A

Findings of a study or concepts of a particular theory hold true over time

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24
Q

How to improve validity of experimental research

A

Control groups
Standardized procedures
Demand characteristics
Double and single blind

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25
Q

How to improve validity of questionnaires

A

Anonymous
Lie scale
Covert observations
Reduce acquiescence bias

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26
Q

How to improve validity of observations

A

Behavioural categories
Interpretive validity
Triangulation
Single blind procedures

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27
Q

How to improve validity of qualitative methods

A

Interpretive validity
Triangulation

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28
Q

Inter-observer/rater reliability

A

The extent to which there is an agreement between 2 or more observers involved in observations of a behaviour

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29
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of measurements

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30
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Teh same test or interview is given to the same participants on 2 occasions to see if the same results are obtained

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31
Q

Define repeated measures design

A

When pps take part in all the conditions of the experiment

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32
Q

Define independant groups design

A

Pps are allocated diff groups where each group represents one Experimental condition (level of IV)

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33
Q

Define matched pairs

A

Pairs of pps.are groups in terms of variables relevant to the study. One member of each pair takes part in condition A and the other Condition B

34
Q

Define Experimental design

A

Diff ways in which pps can be organised in relation to the conditions of the experiment

35
Q

✔️❌️ Repeated measures

A

✔️
no pp varieables effecting DV
Quicker to collect pps
❌️
Order effects which can be fixed by counterbalancing
Demand characteristics could be fixed by double blind

36
Q

✔️❌️ independent groups

A

✔️
No order effects
Less demand characteristics
❌️
Pp variables could be overcome by random allocation

37
Q

✔️❌️ matched pairs

A

✔️
No order effects
Reduces pp variables
❌️
Time consuming
Still pp variables

38
Q

Two types of demand characteristics

A

Screw u and please u effect

39
Q

Randomisation definition

A

Use of chance order to control for the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding order of conditions

40
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half pps comples the conditions in one order, the other half in other order

41
Q

Pp variables

A

Individual diff between pps that may affect DV

42
Q

Order effect

A

An EV that arises from the sequence in which conditions are presented

43
Q

Interobserver reliability

A

The extent to which there is an agreement between 2 or more researchers involved in observations of a behaviour

44
Q

Reliability

A

The consistency of measurements

45
Q

Test retest reliability

A

Same test or interview given to same pps on 2 occasions to see if same results are obtained

46
Q

Internal reliability

A

Whether a test is consistently measuring what it should be

47
Q

External reliability

A

Test method over time repeated in diff situations.

48
Q

Improve reliability of interviews

A

Use same interviewer. Structured interviews.

49
Q

Improve reliability of experiments

A

Precise replication of particular method. Standardisation

50
Q

Improve reliability of questionnaires

A

Test retest method. Recieves positive 0.8 score

51
Q

Improve reliability of observations

A

Behavioural characteristics have been operationalised

52
Q

What is the split half method

A

See if 2 half produce same result. If they do this means high internal reliability. Only effective with large questionnaires to which all questions measure the same construct

53
Q

What is random sampling

A

Produced by using a technique in which every member of the target population has a equal chance of being selected

54
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Produced by selecting every nth person on a list of the target population

55
Q

Define stratified sampling

A

Selecting participants in proportion to their frequency in the target population

56
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Selecting people who are willing and available to take part.

57
Q

Evaluate random sampling

A

No research bias
Time and effort
May still end up being unrepresentative

58
Q

Evaluate systematic sampling

A

No researcher bias
May still biased

59
Q

Opportunity sampling evaluation

A

Convenient, not representative so cannot generalise researcher bias

60
Q

Volunteer sampling evaluation

A

Minimal effort, volunteer bias

61
Q

Define repeated measures design

A

When pps take part in all conditions of tge experiment

62
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures design

A

✔️
No pp variables affecting DV
Quicker to collect pp
❌️
Order effects(can be fixed by counterbalancing)
Demand characteristics could be fixed by double blind

63
Q

Define independent groups design

A

Pps are allocated to diff groups where each group represents a different experimental condition

64
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of independent groups design

A

✔️
No order effects
Less demand characteristics
❌️
Pp variables effect DV could be overcome with random allocation (stratified sampling)

65
Q

Define matched pairs design

A

Pairs of pps are grouped in terms of variables relevant to the study. One member of each pair takes part in condition A, the other takes part in condition B

66
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Matched pairs design

A

✔️
No order effects
Reduces pp variables
❌️
Time consuming
They are diff people but treated as one (pp variable)

67
Q

How to address informed consent

A

Pps must be issued a consent letter
Briefing pps
Under 16s parental consent
Presumptive and retrospective consent

68
Q

How to address deception

A

Debrief at end
Feedback
ROW
Counseling provided
Share findings with them
Tell them how their data will be used

69
Q

How to address protection against harm

A

Counseling
Feedback

70
Q

How to address privacy/confidence

A

Anonymity
Use initials or numbers
During briefing and debriefing pps will be reminded that their data will be protected throught the process

71
Q

What is a questionnaire

A

A set of qs used to assess a person’s thoughts and or experience

72
Q

Strengths of questionnaires

A

Cost effective, quick
No researcher needed
Straightforward to analyse
Responses more likely honest

73
Q

Limitations of questionnaires

A

Not truthful
Demand characteristics and social desirability bias(acquiescence bias)
Leading qs
Have to be returned for analysis

74
Q

Open questions

A

Allows pps to ans how they want, collect dich and detailed insight into the human condition
Qualitative data

75
Q

Closed questions

A

Restrict pps to predetermined responses, quantitative data, use liberty ranking scales or checklists

76
Q

Structured interview definition

A

Pre set questions and asked in fixed order

77
Q

Unstructured interview definition

A

General topic discussion and interviewees encouraged to expand and elaborate on answers

78
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of structured interviews

A

✔️
Standardized, can be replicated
Format reduces differences between interviews
❌️
Low quality as u can’t deviate form qs

79
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of unstructured interviews

A

✔️
More flexible, Cana sk follow up questions
Use open qs to collect qualtitative data
High validity of data
❌️
Data analysis is difficult
Interviewees may lie
Expensive

80
Q

Definition of semi structured interview

A

Pre set qs but interviewers can ask follow up qs as they see fit

81
Q

Definition of self report techniques

A

Any method in which a person is asked or explin their feelings, behaviours or experiences related to a given topic

AQA Alevel Psychology (5 decks)

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