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A-Level Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What is conformity?

A

A change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or a group of people.

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of conformity that Herbert Kelman suggested in 1958?

A
  • Internalisation
  • Identification
  • Compliance
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3
Q

What is internalisation?

A
  • An individual will conform publicly and privately because they have been internalised and accepted the views of the majority group.
  • Deepest form of conformity.
  • Permanent.
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4
Q

What is identification?

A
  • We act the same as the majority group because we share their beliefs and want to fit in/ be accepted.
  • Temporary form of conformity.
  • Moderate level.
  • Publicly agree with a group but do not privately agree.
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5
Q

What is compliance?

A
  • Follow people in public but privately do not agree and do not change their personal behaviours or opinions whatsoever.
  • Shallowest for of conformity.
  • Suoerficial change.
  • ‘Going along with others’.
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6
Q

What are 2 explanations for conformity?

A
  • Normal social influence (NSI), the need to be liked.
  • Informational social influence (ISI)
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7
Q

What is Normal Social influence (NSI)?

A
  • The need to be liked.
  • Going along with the majority to gain approval, often due to fear of rejection.
  • May not agree with majority group but go along with them anyway.
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8
Q

What is Informational Social Influence (ISI)?

A
  • You lack information, others are better informed than you.
  • You want to be right and correct.
  • Occurs in an ambiguous situation.
  • Typical in situations where there is an emergency.
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9
Q

What study supports Informational Social Influence (ISI) as an explanation for conformity?

A

Sherif (1935)

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10
Q

What did Lucas et al (2006) study explain?

A
  • Asked students to give answers to mathematical problems that were easy or more difficult.
  • Greater conformity to incorrect answers when the questions were more difficult.
  • Happened mostly to students who rated their mathematical skill as as poor.
  • Supports the idea of Informational Social Influence.
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11
Q

What were the features of Asch’s experiment into conformity?

A
  • Showed ppts lines on a board and asked which was the longest/shortest (clear answer).
  • 6 people secretly involved in the experiment, 1 real ppt.
  • A control group was also used where the confederates presented the correct answer.
  • Supports NSI.
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12
Q

What was wrong with Asch’s experiment into conformity?

A
  • During the Cold War: McCarthyism (conformist society in the US at the time).
  • Lacks ecological validity.
  • Lacks temporal validity.
  • All male, gender bias present.
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13
Q

What did Asch suggest and conclude from his experiment into conformity?

A
  • Conformity tends to increase as the size of the group increases.
  • Little change in conformity once the group size reaches 4/5.
  • A group of 4 is considered as the optimal group size for conformity to occur.
  • Brown and Byrne (1997) suggest that people might suspect collusion if the majority rises beyond three or four.
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14
Q

What did Bond and Smith study in 1996?

A

Supported Asch’s concept of conformity and performed a meta analysis of 133 Asch type studies which supported his results.

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15
Q

What were the features of Zimbardo’s research?

A
  • Wanted to see how good people react in bad situations.
  • De humanises the guards (eyes covered).
  • Shows that power corrupts
  • Mock prison was set up in the basement of Stanford university.
  • 70 students selected, 24 made through screening.
  • Arrested in homes, blindfolded and brought to the prison.
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16
Q

What were the strengths of Zimbardos research?

A
  • Controlled experiment
  • Extraneous variables controlled.
17
Q

What were the weaknesses of Zimbardos research?

A
  • Ethical issues
  • Physical/ mental human harm
  • Deception
  • Lack of withdrawal
  • Trauma caused
  • All men (gender bias)
  • Not generalisable (lacks realism)
  • Dispositional expectations
18
Q

What were the features of Milgrams study?

A
  • Shock question experiment.
  • He thought that the German people obeyed the Nazi party in a way that American people would not.
  • Predicted that no more than 1% would give out 450v or more (65% did).
  • 100% of ppts gave out 450v.
  • 35% did not obey.
19
Q

What is an Agentic state?

A

The state in which an individual carries out orders of another person acting as their agent with little personal responsibilities. Don’t feel personal responsibility.

20
Q

What is legitimate authority?

A

Legitimate authority figures have a role that is defined by society (e.g police officers), we trust their credentials.

21
Q

What other 2 study’s were conducted in a sequel to Milgrams study?

A
  • Kilham and Mann (1974): Australia
  • Mantel, (1971): Germany
22
Q

What were the features of the Hofling (1966) study?

A
  • Looked at real nurses on a real shift. Doctor gave nurses an order to give a patient a made up drug and to give it in a dose that was seen to be dangerous (instructions over the phone).
  • 21 out of the 22 nurses obeyed (95%).
  • Supported Milligrams experiment.
23
Q

What were the features of Rank and Jacobson (1977)?

A
  • Well known Doctor asked nurses over the phone to give a patient a dangerous dose of a drug, with other people around.
  • 2 out of the 18 nurses obeyed.
  • Doesn’t support Hofling
24
Q

What three variables are seen to affect obedience?

A
  • Location
  • Proximity
  • Uniform
25
Q

What were the features of Brickman (1974) study?

A
  • 153 random ppts in New York.
  • Experimenter was dressed as security guard, milkman and ordinary clothes.
  • Actors asked members of public to complete certain tasks.
  • Security guard (76% obeyed), Milkman (47% obeyed), Casual clothes (30% obeyed).
26
Q

What does the authoritarian personality theory suggest about obedient people?

A
  • Obedient people are the result of a harsh upbringing, they obey because they are unconsciously scared of their parents.
27
Q

What are the characteristics of a person with a dispositional personality?

A
  • Respect for people of a high status.
  • Preoccupation with power.
  • Contemot for those it’s inferior status.
  • Either right or wrong.
  • Usually associated with harsh parenting or a military background.
28
Q

What is the ‘F-scale’?

A
  • An attitude questionnaire developed by Adorno to measure how conventional and how preoccupied people ar with power.
  • A high score is identified with ‘strong people’ that are contemptuous of the ‘weak’.
  • Shows an authoritarian personality.
29
Q

What is an acquiescence Bias?

A

The tendency to simply ‘agree’ with everything.

30
Q

What were the features of Elms and Milgrams study in 1966?

A
  • Sample consisted of 20 obedient and 20 disobedient ppts for Milgrams original experiment (shock experiment).
  • Each ppt completed the F scale to measure their level of authoritarianism and then they weee interviewed about their relationship with their parents and their thoughts on the experimenter in Milgrams original experiment.
  • Obedient ppts scored higher on the F scale and were seen to be less close to their fathers and were more likely to admire the experimenter.
  • There is a strong relationship between high levels of authoritarianism personality and obedient behaviour.
31
Q

What is the resistance to social influence?

A
  • The ability of people to withstand the social pressure to conform to the majority or to obey authority. The ability to withstand social pressure is influenced by both situational and dispositional factors.
32
Q

What is social support?

A

When the pressure of people who resist social pressure helps others to do the same.

33
Q

What are the two sides of the ‘Locus of Control’ continuum and their features?

A
  • Internal: Control over outcomes, responsibility, work hard, confident in their own ability.
  • External: Out of your control, fate/luck, Lack of confidence in their own ability, deter to others, easily influenced by others.
34
Q

What are the features of Oliner and Oliner (1988) study?

A
  • Interviewed 2 groups of non Jewish people who had lived through the Holocaust and Nazi Germany.
  • Compared 406 people who had protected and rescue Jews from the Nazis and 126 people who had not done this.
  • Oliner and Oliner found that rescued Jews had scores demonstrating an internal locus of control.
35
Q

What are the features of Holland (1967) study?

A
  • Repeated Milgrams baseline study and measured wheather ppts were internal or external.
  • He found that 37% of internals did not continue to the highest shock.
  • However 23% of externals did not continue.
  • Research support of this nature increases the validity of the LOC explanations and our confidence that it can explain resistance.

A-Level Psychology (12 decks)

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