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A-Level Psychology > Approaches In Psychology > Flashcards

Approaches In Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 4 key features of Wilhelmina Wundt?

A
  • 1873 he published the book ‘Principles of psychological psychology’.
  • Opened lavatory in Leipzig, Germany, 1879.
  • Wanted to study humans.
  • The method that he used was called introspection.
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2
Q

What is introspection?

A

A method used by Wundt that involved getting into People’s minds and it is still used in forms of therapy today, such as CBT.

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3
Q

What does CBT stand for?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

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4
Q

What is social desirability?

A

Participants giving responses that put them in a positive light.

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5
Q

What are the 7 factors that make something a science?

A
  • Falsifiability
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Paradigm shift
  • objectivity
  • Theory construction
  • Empirical methods
  • Replicability
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6
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

Can show something to be false/wrong.

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7
Q

What is hypothesis testing?

A

A testable statement.

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8
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

Shared set of assumptions.

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9
Q

What is objectivity?

A

Information based on facts (non arguable).

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10
Q

What is theory construction?

A

Idea about behaviour/how something works.

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11
Q

What are empirical methods?

A

Knowledge gained through experimental/ observational methods.

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12
Q

What is meant by replicability?

A

Something that can be repeated.

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13
Q

What is validity?

A

How truthful something is.

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14
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms?

A
  • Denial
  • Repression
  • Displacement
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15
Q

What is denial?

A

When you completely reject the thought of feeling. Denial is not a conscious act. Denial can protect people from anxiety.

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16
Q

What is repression?

A

When the mind forces a distressing memory out of the conscious mind. It is as if you have completely forgotten what happened. But you can emerge as symptoms of anxiety.

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17
Q

What is Displacement?

A

When you redirect your feelings, e.g anger towards another target.

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18
Q

What is the ID?

A

Unconscious focuses on self, irrational and emotional, deals with feelings and needs, seeks pleasure/ hedonistic. Develops between 0-1 years.

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19
Q

What is the Ego?

A

The rational, conscious part of the mind formed between 1-3 years. It’s motivated by the reality principle and tries to balance out the ID and superego and it also needs to be strong.

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20
Q

What is the superego?

A

Acts as our conscious or moral guide, based on parental and societal values. It is formed between 3-6 years. It’s motivated by the Morali principle.

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21
Q

What are the 5 stages of psychosexual development?

A

Oral stage (0-1)
Anal stage (1-3)
Phallic stage (3-5)
Latency stage (6-12)
Genital stage (12/puberty)

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22
Q

What does JB Watson believe in?

A

He refuses Wundts idea of introspection and believes we need to focus on how we are products of our learning, experience and environment. He also believes that we are born as blank slates but at birth we all have the capacity to learn.

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23
Q

What is JB Watson belief about behaviour?

A

Behaviour is the result of stimulus (the response).

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24
Q

What does UCS stand for?

A

Unconditioned Stimulus.

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25
Q

What does UCR stand for?

A

Unconditioned response.

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26
Q

What does NS stand for?

A

Neutral stimulus.

27
Q

What does CR stand for?

A

Conditioned response.

28
Q

What does CS stand for?

A

Conditioned stimulus.

29
Q

What was pavlovs research on dogs?

A
  • He was testing the volume of salvation dogs produce in response to food.
  • He then realised that the dogs started to salivate in response to his footsteps (carrying the food).
  • He then adds in a metronome and a bell every time he fed them.
  • The dogs then learn to salivate in response to footsteps, a metronome and a bell.
30
Q

What is the problem with Pavlov’s dog research?

A

The data found out can not be extrapolated to humans, this is because dogs can’t talk and they have no conscious thoughts.

31
Q

What was the outcome of the case study on ‘Little Albert’?

A

The case study suggests that classical conditioning in humans is possible as well as dogs/animals.

32
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through either positive or negative reinforcement.

33
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Rewards. Increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated. For example, giving the pigeon food when it turns a certain direction.

34
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Avoidance of something unpleasant. For example, a rat pressing a leaver to stop the electric shock.

35
Q

When did the humanistic movement develop in America?

A

In the early 1950s.

36
Q

Who developed the humanistic approach?

A

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

37
Q

What is free will?

A

Humanistic theories emphasise that people have full conscious control over their own destiny.

38
Q

What was Maslows main focus?

A

He wasn’t interested in what went wrong with people but rather in what could go right with them.

39
Q

What is Maslows hierarchy of needs in order (bottom to top)?

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Safety
  3. Love/belonging
  4. Esteem
  5. Self-actualisation
40
Q

What was Carl Rogers main focus?

A

His main focus was on the concept of self and self acceptance.

41
Q

What was Carl Rogers view on Freud?

A

He beloved Freud had dealt with the ‘sick half’ of psychology.

42
Q

What is your real self?

A

Your actual situation/life conditions.

43
Q

What is your ideal self?

A

Your aspirations, where you want to be.

44
Q

What is congruence?

A

When your real and ideal self match up.

45
Q

What is incongruence?

A

When your real and ideal self don’t match up.

46
Q

What is conditions of worth?

A

Constraints an individual believes are put upon them by significant others that they deem necessary to gain positive regard.

47
Q

What is unconditional positive regard?

A

When people are nurtured and valued by significant people in their lives without conditions. This will lead to them developing a healthy sense of self-worth.

48
Q

What is conditional positive regard?

A

When people are accepted only if they do what others want them to do.

49
Q

What are 2 strengths of humanistic psychology?

A
  1. The humanistic approach’s primary application has been to therapeutic treatment.
  2. Research support for conditions of worth, research with adolescents has shown evidence consistent with Rogers view.
50
Q

When did the cognitive approach start to revolutionise?

A

It started to revolutionise in the late 1950s and early 1960s to become the main approach.

51
Q

How is the mind described in the cognitive approach?

A

The mind is like a information processing system (inputting, storing and retrieving data).

52
Q

What is the main belief of the cognitive approach?

A

How we process information reflects in our behaviour.

53
Q

What is schema?

A

Schema is the mental representation of experience and knowledge and understanding. It helps us predict what is going to happen in certain situation.

54
Q

What are 2 negatives of schema?

A
  1. It can lead to faulty conclusions and unhelpful behaviour.
  2. It can make us develop stereotypes.
55
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

It is the scientific study of relating brain structure on our mental processes. It uses ‘Position Emission Tomography’ (PET scans) and ‘Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging’ (fMRI).

56
Q

Who introduced the social learning theory?

A

Albert Bandura.

57
Q

What was Banduras main belief?

A

He believed that there are important processes that lie between the stimulus and the response.

58
Q

In terms of the SLT, how does learning occur?

A

Learning occurs through the observation and imitation of role models.

59
Q

What is imitation?

A

Leaning behaviour from observation, then copying.

60
Q

What is a role model?

A

Someone who we look up to, usually older and more high profile.

61
Q

What is identification?

A

There needs to be something about the role model that the person imitating the behaviour identifies with.

62
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Imitation is more likely to occur if the model is positively reinforced.

63
Q

What are the key features of Banduras experiment?

A
  • 72 children in total.
  • 3 groups: 1st observed aggressive behaviour, 2nd non aggressive behaviour, 3rd didn’t observe anything.
  • Then the groups got split into two twelves and half observed a male and the other a female.
64
Q

What were the results of Banduras experiment?

A

The children who observed the aggressive mode,were the ones that were aggressive towards the boob. The children who observed the non-aggressive model were not aggressive towards the bobo. The boys were also more physically aggressive.

A-Level Psychology (12 decks)

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