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A-Level Psychology > Mock Exam (paper 2) Revision > Flashcards

Mock Exam (paper 2) Revision Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was William Wundt?

A
  • Created the First psychology lab in Leipzig (1870s), studying internal mental processes.
  • He used the method of introspection that included getting into peoples minds (using a metronome).
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2
Q

What did JB Watson do?

A
  • He refused Wundts idea of introspection and beloved we need to focus on how we are products of our learning (experience and environment).
  • We are born as ‘blank slates’ but with the capacity to learn.
  • Behaviour is the result of stimulus.
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3
Q

What are the 6 types of stimulus’s/ responses?

A
  • Unconditioned stimulus (US)
  • Unconditioned response (UR)
  • Neutral stimulus (NS)
  • Conditioned response (CR)
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS)
  • Reflex (automatic response/uncontrolled).
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4
Q

Explain and evaluate the research on Pavlov’s dogs?

A
  • Testing the salvation of dogs in relation to food.
  • Dogs started to salivate to the footsteps, then he introduced a bell and metronome.
  • Dogs then learn to salivate to the sound of the bell with no food.
  • Because dogs can’t talk and have no conscious thoughts we cannot relate this to humans.
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5
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned response through the process of learning.

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6
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through either positive or negative reinforcement.

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7
Q

Who was responsible for the study of operant conditioning?

A

BF Skinner.

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8
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Rewards, increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated. For example, giving the pigeon food when it turns a certain way.

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9
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Avoidance of something unpleasant. For example, rat pressing leaver to stop the electric shock.

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10
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A
  • Began to revolutionise in the late 1950s/early 1960s to become the main approach.
  • Involved studying people indirectly to make inferences.
  • Involves understanding the schema.
  • Our mind is like an information processing system.
    How we process information reflects in our behaviour.
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11
Q

What is the schema?

A
  • Schemas are the mental representation of experience, knowledge and understanding.
  • It helps us predict what is going to happen in certain situations.
  • Schemas allow us to take shortcuts as we are doing things without thinking.
  • However schemas can lead to faulty conclusions and we may also develop stereotypes.
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12
Q

What study supports the idea of schemas?

A

Bugelski and Alamoay in 1962.

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13
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A
  • The scientific study of relating brain structure on our mental processes.
  • Neuroscientists can now study the brain as it processes information through the use of PET scans and F-MRI scans.
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14
Q

What is the biological approach?

A
  • Your brain (function and structure) has an impact on our behaviour.
  • Genotypes and phenotypes
  • Our nervous system effects the way we act and behave.
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15
Q

What are genotypes?

A

A persons unique genetic make up that is coded in their chromosomes and fixed at conception.

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16
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

The physical representation that results from the individuals genotype (observable characteristics of an individual).

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17
Q

What are genes and it’s characteristics in terms of development?

A
  • Genes carry instructions for characteristics.
  • How genes develop depends on interaction of the gene with other genes and the environment (nature v nurture).
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18
Q

What is a monozygotic (MZ) twin?

A

Identical twins, 100% shared genes/DNA.

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19
Q

What is a dizygotic (DZ) twin?

A

Non-identical twins, 50% shared genes/DNA.

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20
Q

Who was phineas cage and what did his study include?

A
  • He survived an accident which a large iron rod went through his brain.
  • Although he survived his personality changed from being sociable to being hostile.
  • Phineas became antisocial, bad mannered and develop a tendency for violence.
  • Suggests that any trauma to the brain can effect/change behaviour.
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21
Q

What are hormones and their characteristics?

A
  • Hormones are chemical substances that help to regulate processes in the body.
  • Low levels of hormones such as serotonin may occur in someone with depression.
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22
Q

What were Charles Darwin’s two main concepts in evolutionary theory?

A
  • Natural selection.
  • Sexual selection.
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23
Q

What are 2 strengths of the biological approach?

A
  • Impact of biology on behaviour can lead to treatment (drugs) to counteract neurotransmitter imbalance.
  • Scientific measurements are objective.
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24
Q

What are 2 limitations of the biological approach?

A
  • It involves dehumanising humans down to ‘biological machines’.
  • Laboratory experiments can lack ecological validity.
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25
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A complex network of nerve cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to different parts of the body.

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26
Q

What is included in the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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27
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Brings information from the sense to the CNS and transmit information from the CNS to the muscles and glands.

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28
Q

Why are humans more intelligent than other species?

A

Out outer layer of our brain (called the cortex) is more developed. And out brain is the centre of awareness.

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29
Q

What are hormones?

A

They are chemicals that circulate in the blood stream and are carried to target sites throughout the body. A given hormone usually only affects a limited number of cells (target cells). There has to be particular receptors for particular hormones. When enough receptor sites are stimulated this results in a physiological reaction in the target cells.

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30
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

It works with the nervous system and controls vital functions in the body. The endocrine system acts more slowly than the nervous system but has very widespread and powerful effects. It’s main goal is to maintain homeostasis in our body.

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31
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A
  • -voluntary
  • ‘Talks to the outside world’
  • Picks up external information (from 5 senses)
  • Contains sensory and motor pathways
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32
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Involuntary
  • Just deals with internal information
  • Only contains motor pathways
  • Maintains homeostasis
  • e.g Heart
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33
Q

What is the order of the SAM pathway?

A
  1. Hypothalamus (brain)
  2. Sympathetic ganglio (left of chest)
  3. Adrenal Madulla (stomach area)
34
Q

What are the stages of the ‘flight or flight response’?

A
  1. Person enters stressful situation.
  2. The amygdala is activated which sends a signal to the hypothalamus.
  3. Hypothalamus activates the SAM pathway
  4. Signal gets sent to the sympathetic ganglio.
  5. The sympathetic ganglio stimulates the adrenal madulla which releases adrenaline.
35
Q

What is the stages of the Pituitary adrenal system (PAS)?

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Pituitary gland
  3. Adrenal cortex
36
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are how the brain sends signals, which will ultimately result in us forming a behaviour.

37
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

They carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS.

38
Q

What are relay neurons?

A

Are neither sensory nor motor but sit somewhere in between, allowing the two other types to communicate. They carry information across the spinal cord/brain from sensory nerves to motor neurons.

39
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Responsible for either directly or indirectly contracting muscles. They carry impulses form the CNS to effector.

40
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

They allow the transfer of signalling messages between brain cells. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles. (e.g serotonin and dopamine).

41
Q

What is the process of synaptic transmission?

A

Receptors can’t let any neurotransmitters bind, it has to be a specific receptor for a specific neurotransmitter.
- Drugs that treat depression help by blocking the reuptake passage.

42
Q

What is depression?

A
  • Mood affective disorder
  • Mist have depressed mood or loss of pleasure in daily activities for more than 2 weeks.
  • Mist have 5 out of the 9 official symptoms.
43
Q

How does the cognitive approach explain depression?

A
  • Beck says people with depression process information differently.
  • They have negative thoughts about them self, the future and the world.
  • They are prone to distorting and mis-interpreting information (cognitive bias).
  • They over generalise experiences.
  • They make situations a big deal (catastrophising)
44
Q

What was Beck et al (1974) study?

A
  • Put depressed people and non depressed people in the same situation to see how they both react.
45
Q

What is Ellis’ ABC model?

A
  • It is a belief system within depressed people that has a huge impact on their behaviour.
    1. Activating event
    2. Beliefs
    3. Consequences
46
Q

How does Cognitive Behavioural therapy help treat depression?

A
  • It aims to identify and challenge the negative automatic thoughts held by individuals about themselves and their world.
  • Helps people to develop alternatives ways of thinking and behaving.
47
Q

What are the 4 stages to CBT when treating depression?

A
  1. Initial assessment
  2. Goal setting
  3. Identifying negative thoughts and challenges
  4. Homework
48
Q

What are 2 positives of CBT?

A
  • Deals with root cause not just symptoms.
  • No real side effects or withdrawal symptoms.
49
Q

What are 2 negatives of CBT?

A
  • Have to be committed and motivated to change.
  • Expensive and time consuming.
50
Q

What is OCD?

A
  • Type of anxiety disorder.
  • Persistent and intrusive thoughts occurring as obsession and compulsions.
  • Consists of persistent thoughts that are experienced repeatedly, feels intrusive and causes anxiety.
  • Compulsions are the results of the thinking.
  • It is recognised by the person that the obsessions and compulsions are excessive and/ or unreasonable.
51
Q

What is dopamine?

A

Neurotransmitter that releases to give s a boosted mood impact.

52
Q

What is serotonin?

A

Neurotransmitter that regulates mood.

53
Q

What are cognitions?

A

Obsessive thoughts thinking something bad will happen.

54
Q

What is the gene that you can inherit that is associated with OCD?

A

Predisposition. However, there are 230 genes associated with OCD as there are different extremes of it.

55
Q

What is a COMT gene?

A
  • This gene plays a part in the production of the enzyme that regulates dopamine.
  • If there is excess dopamine, over time there will be more opportunity for it to bind. (Will lead to behaviour change).
  • People with OCD will have more dopamine than people without.
  • The increase in dopamine can cause obsessive behaviour seen within OCD.
56
Q

What is a SERT gene?

A
  • The SERT gene affects the transport of serotonin, creating lower levels of it. Low levels of serotonin have been implicated with OCD.
  • The SERT gene appears to be muted in individuals with OCD.
  • The reduction of serotonin can cause the anxiety seen within OCD.
57
Q

What is the Social Learning Theory?

A
  • Introduced by Albert Bandura.
  • Development of the behaviourist approach.
  • He believed that there are important processes that lie between the stimulus and the response.
  • Learning occurs through the observation.
58
Q

What is identification?

A

There needs to be something about the role model that the person imitating the behaviour identifies with.

59
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement?

A

Imitation is more likely to occur if the role model is positively reinforced.

60
Q

What were the results of Banduras 72 child experiment (SLT) (1961)?

A

The children who observed the aggressive model were the ones that were aggressive towards the bobo. The children who observed the non aggressive model were not aggressive towards the bobo. Boys were generally more aggressive also.

61
Q

What is Banduras Meditational process (ARRM)?

A
  1. Attention to the role model.
  2. Retention of the observed behaviour.
  3. Reproduction of the target behaviour.
  4. Motivation to imitate the observed behaviour.
62
Q

What did Billett et al (1998) prove?

A
  • Meta analysis study.
  • On average monozygotic twins were 2X more likely to develop the disorder than Dizygotic twins (OCD).
63
Q

What is a stressor?

A

Anything in the environment that can be seen to impact you (that leaves you vulnerable to OCD).

64
Q

What is diathesis stress?

A

Stressful/traumatic event that triggers OCD.

65
Q

How has biology helped people with OCD?

A
  • Drugs that increase serotonin have been shown to reduce OCD.
  • Drugs that decrease dopamine have been shown to reduce OCD symptoms.
66
Q

What did Szechtman et al discover? (1998)

A

High dose of drugs that enhance dopamine induce movements resembling compulsive behaviours found in OCD patients (animal study).

67
Q

What did Pigott et al study discover? (1992)

A

Antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity have been seen to reduce OCD symptoms.

68
Q

What is a phobia?

A
  • A phobia is an anxiety disorder involving a persistent fear of an object, place or situation, disproportional to the threat or danger posed by the object of the fear.
  • These irrational fears must result in interference with social and work life to meet the criteria.
69
Q

What are the 3 types of phobias, with examples?

A
  • Specific (animals, environment, situational, blood).
  • Social (intense fear of a social situation or having an interaction with other people).
  • Agoraphobia (fear of open spaces, fear of being away from home).
70
Q

How does the behavioural approach explain phobias?

A
  • The two process model (classical and operant conditioning).
  • We learn through the process of classical conditioning.
  • We maintain through the process of operant conditioning.
  • You do the ‘negative reinforcement’ to avoid that negative consequence.
  • Watson (1920) claimed that most emotional responses including the fear of objects are learnt by CC.
  • Humans have a biological nature to be afraid of things that could potentially harm us.
71
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A
  • Behavioural therapy based on the principles of classical conditioning.
    Stage 1- Client is taught to relax/ Stage 2- Negotiation/ Stage 3- Graduated exposure
  • Deep relaxation techniques are learnt, a fear hierarchy is created and then worked through.
72
Q

What is Unavoidable exposure?

A

This involves introducing you to the thing that you fear in the most immediate and unavoidable way.

73
Q

What is extinction (phobias)?

A

This involves learning to associate the thing you fear with something neutral. Exposure to the phobia but without gradual build up in an anxiety hierarchy way.

74
Q

What is the process of flooding?

A
  • Immediate exposure to a very frightening situation.
  • Learns that the stimulus is harmless.
  • No longer produces the conditioned fear response.
75
Q

What is Vitro flooding?

A

The client imagines the exposure to the phobic stimulus.

76
Q

What is Vivo flooding?

A

The client is actually exposed to the phobic stimulus.

77
Q

What is the Flooding Keane et al (1989)?

A
  • Studied 24 Vietnam veterans with PTSD.
  • Soldiers received flooding therapy.
  • Tested before, after and 6 months later for PTSD symptoms.
  • Compared results to the control group.
  • Flooding group had fewer terrifying flashbacks.
78
Q

What does DSN stand for and what is it?

A
  • Deviation from social norms.
  • Involves behaving differently in a given society, to other people.
  • Social norms however can be different depending on the society or culture (culturally relative).
  • Example is talking to yourself.
  • Social norms can however change over time.
79
Q

What does SI stand for and what is is?

A
  • Statistical infrequency.
  • On a distribution graph the top 2% and the bottom 2% are seen to be abnormal.
  • However the top bracket is desirable and not seen as a disability, but the bottom bracket is not desirable and seen as a disability.
80
Q

What does DIMH stand for and what is it?

A
  • Deviation from ideal mental health.
  • Personal growth, reality perception, autonomy, integration, self attitudes, environmental mastery.
  • Someone who has good mental health has all these things at all times.
  • The more you have missing the worse your mental health is.
81
Q

What does FFA stand for and what is it?

A
  • Failure to function adequately.
  • Abnormality judged as inability to deal with the demands of everyday living.
  • Behaviour causes personal distress and distress to others.
  • People may not know they a FFA, they might see trauma in themselves as ‘normal’ and reality.
  • GAF scale (global assessment of functioning)

A-Level Psychology (12 decks)

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