SOCIAL INFLUENCE

Question 1

What Is meant by social change

Answer 1

When whole societies rather than just individuals, adopt new attitudes, beliefs + way of doing things. Eg women rights

Question 2

ASCH RESEARCH - ARTIFICIAL SITUATION + TASK

Answer 2

ppts knew this was a study so just played along with the trivial task (demand ch)

Question 3

ASCH RESEARCH - LIMITED APPLICATION

Answer 3

research only conducted on American men

Question 4

ASCH RESEARCH - RESEARCH SUPPORT

Answer 4

Lucas found more confromity when maths problems were harder
—- conformity more complex, confident ppts were less conforming (individual factors)

Question 5

TYPES - RS FOR NSI

Answer 5

when no normative group pressure (wrote answers) conformity down to 12.5% (asch)

Question 6

TYPES - RS FOR ISI

Answer 6

ppts relied on other people’s answers to hard maths problems (Lucas)
— cannot usually seperate isi + nsi, a dissener may reduce power of nsi or isi

Question 7

TYPES - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES in NSI

Answer 7

nAffiliators want to be liked more, so conform more (McGhee + Teevan)

Question 8

ZIMBARDO’S - CONTROL

Answer 8

Random assignment of roles increased internal validity

Question 9

ZIMBARDO’S - EXAGGERATES THE POWER OF ROLES

Answer 9

Only 1/3 of guards were brutal so conclusions exaggerrated (Fromm)

Question 10

ZIMBARDO’S - LACK OF REALISM

Answer 10

ppts play-acted their roles according to the media derived stereotypes (Banuazizi)
—evidence that prisoners thought the prison was real to them eg 90% of conversations were abt prison (McDermott)

Question 11

MILGRAM’S RESEARCH - RS

Answer 11

French TV documentary/game show found 80% gave max shock - similar beh to Milgrams ppts (Beauvois)

Question 12

MILGRAM’S RESEARCH - LOW INTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 12

ppts realised shocks were fake so ‘play acting’ (Holland) Supported by Perry tapes of ppts showed only 50% thought it was real
— ppts gave real shocks to puppy ( Sheridan + King)

Question 13

MILGRAM’S RESEARCH - ETHICAL ISSUES

Answer 13

Deception meant ppts could not properly consent (Baumrind) May be balanced by benefits of the research

Question 14

SITUATIONAL VARIABLES - RS

Answer 14

Bickman showed power of uniform in a field experiment

Question 15

SITUATIONAL VARIABLES - CROSS-CULTURAL REPLICATIONS

Answer 15

Dutch ppts ordered to say stressful things to interviewee decreased proximity led to decreased obedience (Meesus)
— most studies in countries similar to the US so not generalisable (Smith)

Question 16

SITUATIONAL VARIABLES - LOW INTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 16

Some of Milgram’s procedures in the variations were specially contrived, so not genuine obedience (Holland)

Question 17

AGENTIC STATE - RS

Answer 17

Milgram’s resistant ppts continued giving shocks when experimenter took responsibility

Question 18

AGENTIC STATE - A LIMITED EXPLAINATION

Answer 18

cannot explain why Rank + Jacobson’s nurses and some of Milgram’s ppts disobeyed

Question 19

LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY - EXPLAINS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

Answer 19

Milgram style rs - In Austrailia 16% obeyed (Kilham & Mann) but 85% Germany (Mantell), related to structure of society eg authority is more likely to be accepted as legitimate due to individuals. reflects how different societies are structured

Question 20

LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY - CANNOT EXPLAIN ALL (DIS)OBEDIENCE

Answer 20

Rank & Jacobson’s nurses in hierarchal structure but did not obey legitimate authority ppts in milgrams study disobeyed suggests individual differences

Question 21

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY - RS

Answer 21

Obedient ppts had high F - scale scores (Elms & Milgram) Adorno findings = obedient ppl show similar characteristics to those with AP
— Obedient ppts unlike authoritains in many ways, complex

Question 22

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY - LIMITED EXPLAINATION

Answer 22

Can’t explain obedience across a whole culture (social identity theory is better)

Question 23

AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY - POLITICAL BIAS

Answer 23

Authoritarianism equated with right-wing ideology, ignores left-wing authoritarianism (Jahoda)
f - scale only measures extreme forms of right wing ideology = emphasis importance of complete obedience in political authority

Question 24

SOCIAL SUPPORT - RW RS

Answer 24

Having a buddy helps resist peer pressure to smoke (Albrecht)

Question 25

SOCIAL SUPPORT - RS FOR DISSENTING PEERS

Answer 25

Asch found that the genuine ppt conformed less often in the presence of a dissenter. Dissenter freed the ppt to act more independenty

Question 26

LOCUS OF CONTROL - RS

Answer 26

Internals less likely to fully obey in Milgram type procedure (Holland)

Question 27

LOCUS OF CONROL - CONTRADICTORY RS

Answer 27

People are now more independant but also more external (Twenge)

Question 28

MINORITY INFLUENCE - RS FOR CONSISTENCY

Answer 28

Wood et al meta - analysis (100) found minorities seen as consistent most influencial

Question 29

MINORITY INFLUENCE - RS FOR DEEPER PROCESSING

Answer 29

Pps exposed to minority view resisted confliciting view (Martin)
— real world majorities have more power/status than minorities, missing from research

Question 30

MINORITY INFLUENCE - ARTIFICIAL TASKS

Answer 30

Tasks often trivial so tell us little about real world influences (eg. asch line study) lack external validity

Question 31

MINORITY INFLUENCE - POWER OF MINORITY INFL

Answer 31

More ppl agree with minority in private

Question 32

SI + SOCIAL CHANGE - RS FOR NORMATIVE INFLUENCES

Answer 32

NSI valid explanation of social change eg. reducing energy consumption (Nolan)
— normative influence does not always produce change (Foxcroft) alcholol use found only reduction in quantity not frequency

Question 33

SI + SOCIAL CHANGE - MINORITY INFLU EXPLAINS CHANGE

Answer 33

Minorities stimulate divergent thinking - broad, creative, more options (Nemeth)

Question 34

SI + SOCIAL CHANGE - ROLE OF DEEPER PROCESSING - LIMITATION

Answer 34

It is majority views that are processed more deeply than minority influence (Mackie) bc we like to believe that maj shares our view so question if they don’t