memory ao3 Flashcards
CI - support effectiveness
Kohnken - 41% more accurate than standard
CI - time consuming
time + requires trainging = unrealistic for police (Kebbell)
CI - Not all elements usefull
recall everything + reinstate context paired = best recall (Bull)
MISLEADING INFO - RWA
Insights applied to police interviewing + expert witnesses. Psychologists can improve legal system
—- film clips in lab are less stressful than everyday life, no consequences. (Ppts less motivated to be accurate) EWT more reliable
MISLEADING INFO - EVIDENCE AGAINST SUBSTITUTION
central details not much affected by misleading info (Hayne - video clip then misleading q)
MISLEADING INFO - EVIDENCE CHALLENGING MEMORY CONFORMITY
post-event info on hair colour blended, supporting contamination (Skagerberg + Wright)
MISLEADING Q - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
Lab environment enable control but answers in lab study are influenced by desire to be helpful (demand ch)
MISLEADING Q - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
Lab environment enable control but answers in lab study are influenced by desire to be helpful (demand ch)
ANXIETY - UNUSUALNESS NOT ANXIETY
Poor recall due to unusualness (chicken + handgun), not anxiety (Pickel)
ANXIETY - SUPPORT FOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS
London Dungeon - anxiety reduced accurate recall for an individual (Valentine)
heart rate put into high + low anxiety groups - sp. weapon focus
ANXIETY - SUPPORT FOR POSITIVE EFFECTS
The most anxious eyewitness at a bank robbery had the most accurate recall (Christianson) ~ at least 75% accurate across all witnesses
— interviews were long after the event, lacks cntrl of confounding variables
ANXIETY - PROBLEMS W/ INVERTED U
Explains contradictory findings but focuses on just physical arousal, ignores cognitive aspects of anxiety
RETRIEVAL FAILURE - RWA
Cues are weak but worth paying attention to as strategy for improving recall
RETRIEVAL FAILURE - RS
wide range of sp. suggests that this is main reason for forgetting (Keane)
— no forgetting unless context are very different eg. on land/sea (Baddley)
RETRIEVAL FAILURE - RECALL VS COGNITION
limitation - No context effects when memory assessed using recognition tests (Godden + Baddley)
INTERFERENCE - RWA
Rugby players remembered less if played more games over a season (Baddley + Hitch)
— interference is unusal in everyday situations (coditions needed are rare)
INTERFERENCE - CUES
Interference effects can be overcome by cues so is temporary (Tulvig) ppts list of words recall decreased but when told name of catergories recall rose to 70%
INTERFERENCE - VALIDITY
Lab studies have high controls but use artificial materials + unrealistic procedures
WMM - CLINICAL EVIDENCE
KF had poor auditory memory but good visual memory. Damaged PL but VSS fine.
— KF may have had other impairments that affected his wmm (neg for case studies)
WMM - DUAL TASK PERFORMANCE
Difficult to do two visual tasks (or two verbal) at the same time but one visual and one verbal is okay (Baddley)
WMM - NATURE OF THE CE
Not well specified, needs to be more than attention
Baddley = CE most important but least understood
TYPES OF LTM - CLINICAL EVIDENCE
Clive Wearing + HM had damaged episodic memories but semantic + procedural memories were relatively fine
—- clinical studies lack control of variables (eg. memory before injury)
TYPES OF LTM - CONFLICTING NEUROIMAGING EVIDENCE
Research links semantic to left prefrontal cortex + episodic to right (Buckner + Petersen), different in other studies (Tulvig)
TYPES OF LTM - RWA
Old-age memory loss improved by intervention to target episodic memory (Belleville)
THE MSM - RS
Research shows STM + LTM use different coding + have different capacity
—- studies do not use everyday materials (eg. consonant syllables), low validity
THE MSM - MORE THAN ONE STM STORE
Studies of amnesia (eg. KF) show different STMs for visual + auditory material
THE MSM - ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
Transfer to LTM more about elaboration (meaningful processing) than maintenance rehearsal (Watkins)
RESEARCH ON DURATION - MEANINGLESS STIMULI IN STM STUDY
Peterson used consonant syllables, lacks external validity
RESEARCH ON DURATION - HIGH EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Bahrick et al used meaningful materials, better recall than studies with meaningless stimuli (Shepard)
RESEARCH ON CAPACITY - A VALID STUDY
Later studies replicated findings (eg. Bopp), so valid test of digit span
RESEARCH ON CAPACITY - NOT SO MANY CHUNKS
Miller overestimated STM, only four chunks (Cowan)
RESEARCH ON CODING - SEPARATE MEMORY STORES
Identified STM + LTM, supporting multi-store model
RESEARCH ON CODING - ARTIFICIAL STIMULI
Word lists had no personal meaning.
