memory ao3

Question 1

CI - support effectiveness

Answer 1

Kohnken - 41% more accurate than standard

Question 2

CI - time consuming

Answer 2

time + requires trainging = unrealistic for police (Kebbell)

Question 3

CI - Not all elements usefull

Answer 3

recall everything + reinstate context paired = best recall (Bull)

Question 4

MISLEADING INFO - RWA

Answer 4

Insights applied to police interviewing + expert witnesses. Psychologists can improve legal system
—- film clips in lab are less stressful than everyday life, no consequences. (Ppts less motivated to be accurate) EWT more reliable

Question 5

MISLEADING INFO - EVIDENCE AGAINST SUBSTITUTION

Answer 5

central details not much affected by misleading info (Hayne - video clip then misleading q)

Question 6

MISLEADING INFO - EVIDENCE CHALLENGING MEMORY CONFORMITY

Answer 6

post-event info on hair colour blended, supporting contamination (Skagerberg + Wright)

Question 7

MISLEADING Q - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

Answer 7

Lab environment enable control but answers in lab study are influenced by desire to be helpful (demand ch)

Question 8

MISLEADING Q - DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

Answer 8

Lab environment enable control but answers in lab study are influenced by desire to be helpful (demand ch)

Question 9

ANXIETY - UNUSUALNESS NOT ANXIETY

Answer 9

Poor recall due to unusualness (chicken + handgun), not anxiety (Pickel)

Question 10

ANXIETY - SUPPORT FOR NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Answer 10

London Dungeon - anxiety reduced accurate recall for an individual (Valentine)
heart rate put into high + low anxiety groups - sp. weapon focus

Question 11

ANXIETY - SUPPORT FOR POSITIVE EFFECTS

Answer 11

The most anxious eyewitness at a bank robbery had the most accurate recall (Christianson) ~ at least 75% accurate across all witnesses
— interviews were long after the event, lacks cntrl of confounding variables

Question 12

ANXIETY - PROBLEMS W/ INVERTED U

Answer 12

Explains contradictory findings but focuses on just physical arousal, ignores cognitive aspects of anxiety

Question 13

RETRIEVAL FAILURE - RWA

Answer 13

Cues are weak but worth paying attention to as strategy for improving recall

Question 14

RETRIEVAL FAILURE - RS

Answer 14

wide range of sp. suggests that this is main reason for forgetting (Keane)
— no forgetting unless context are very different eg. on land/sea (Baddley)

Question 15

RETRIEVAL FAILURE - RECALL VS COGNITION

Answer 15

limitation - No context effects when memory assessed using recognition tests (Godden + Baddley)

Question 16

INTERFERENCE - RWA

Answer 16

Rugby players remembered less if played more games over a season (Baddley + Hitch)
— interference is unusal in everyday situations (coditions needed are rare)

Question 17

INTERFERENCE - CUES

Answer 17

Interference effects can be overcome by cues so is temporary (Tulvig) ppts list of words recall decreased but when told name of catergories recall rose to 70%

Question 18

INTERFERENCE - VALIDITY

Answer 18

Lab studies have high controls but use artificial materials + unrealistic procedures

Question 19

WMM - CLINICAL EVIDENCE

Answer 19

KF had poor auditory memory but good visual memory. Damaged PL but VSS fine.
— KF may have had other impairments that affected his wmm (neg for case studies)

Question 20

WMM - DUAL TASK PERFORMANCE

Answer 20

Difficult to do two visual tasks (or two verbal) at the same time but one visual and one verbal is okay (Baddley)

Question 21

WMM - NATURE OF THE CE

Answer 21

Not well specified, needs to be more than attention
Baddley = CE most important but least understood

Question 22

TYPES OF LTM - CLINICAL EVIDENCE

Answer 22

Clive Wearing + HM had damaged episodic memories but semantic + procedural memories were relatively fine
—- clinical studies lack control of variables (eg. memory before injury)

Question 23

TYPES OF LTM - CONFLICTING NEUROIMAGING EVIDENCE

Answer 23

Research links semantic to left prefrontal cortex + episodic to right (Buckner + Petersen), different in other studies (Tulvig)

Question 24

TYPES OF LTM - RWA

Answer 24

Old-age memory loss improved by intervention to target episodic memory (Belleville)

Question 25

THE MSM - RS

Answer 25

Research shows STM + LTM use different coding + have different capacity
—- studies do not use everyday materials (eg. consonant syllables), low validity

Question 26

THE MSM - MORE THAN ONE STM STORE

Answer 26

Studies of amnesia (eg. KF) show different STMs for visual + auditory material

Question 27

THE MSM - ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL

Answer 27

Transfer to LTM more about elaboration (meaningful processing) than maintenance rehearsal (Watkins)

Question 28

RESEARCH ON DURATION - MEANINGLESS STIMULI IN STM STUDY

Answer 28

Peterson used consonant syllables, lacks external validity

Question 29

RESEARCH ON DURATION - HIGH EXTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 29

Bahrick et al used meaningful materials, better recall than studies with meaningless stimuli (Shepard)

Question 30

RESEARCH ON CAPACITY - A VALID STUDY

Answer 30

Later studies replicated findings (eg. Bopp), so valid test of digit span

Question 31

RESEARCH ON CAPACITY - NOT SO MANY CHUNKS

Answer 31

Miller overestimated STM, only four chunks (Cowan)

Question 32

RESEARCH ON CODING - SEPARATE MEMORY STORES

Answer 32

Identified STM + LTM, supporting multi-store model

Question 33

RESEARCH ON CODING - ARTIFICIAL STIMULI

Answer 33

Word lists had no personal meaning.