ATTACHMENT Flashcards
CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS - FILMED OBSERVATIONS
Capture fine detail, can establish inter-rater reliability + babies not aware of being observed
CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS - DIFFICULTY OBSERVING BABIES
Hard to know meaning of small movements
CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS - DEVELOPMENTAL IMPORTANCE
Observation of beh does not tell us about it’s importance in development
—- evidence from eg. Isabella et al suggests interactional synchrony is important for attachment
SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - GOOD EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Mothers did the observing so babies not stressed by being observed
—- mothers mights not have accurately noted behaviour
SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - POOR EVIDENCE FOR THE ASOCIAL STAGE
Babies have poor coordination so just may seem asocial
SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - RWA
No harm in starting day care during asocial/indiscriminate stages, but problematic starting daycare in specific attachment stage
SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - GENERALISABILITY
Data gathered only in 1960s working class Glasgow eg. Multiple attachment may be different in collectivist cultures (van IJzendoorn)
ROLE OF THE FATHER - CONFLICTING EVIDENCE
Studies have reached different conclusions about a distinctive role for fathers.
—- fathers may be predisposed to a role but single mothers + lesbian parents simply take on these roles
ROLE OF THE FATHER - RWA
Mothers may feel pressured to stay at home because of stereotypical views of mothers + fathers role.
Families can be advised about the fathers role in attachment
ROLE OF THE FATHER - CONFUSION OVER RS Q
Competing research questions prevent a simple answer about the father’s role
ROLE OF THE FATHER - BIAS IN THE RS
Preconceptions lead to observer bias, may affect some studies
LORENZ - RS
Regolin et al observed chicks imprint on moving shapes. when shapes moved they followed original most closely.
LORENZ - GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS
Attachment system in birds are less complex + not two way
HARLOW - REAL WORLD VALUE
Helps professionals (social workers) to promote bonding (Howe) also applied to zoos and breeding programmes
HARLOW - GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS
Monkeys more similar to humans that birds but human mind + beh are more complex
HARLOW - ETHICAL ISSUES
Procedures caused severe long-term distress to ppts, may not be outweighed by theoretical + practical benefits
LEARNING THEORY - COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL STUDIES
Lorenz + Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment
LEARNING THEORY - COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON HUMANS
Primary attachment figure is not always person who does feeding (Shaffer + Emerson), quality of attachment is related to interactional synchrony not feeding (Isabella)
LEARNING THEORY - SOME CONDITIONING MAY BE INVOLVED
Conditioning (association w/ comfort) may influence the choice of primary attachment figure
—- babies are more active in attachment than conditioning expositions suggest (Fieldman)
BOWLBY’S THEORY - VALIDITY OF MONOTROPY CHALLENGED
Shaffer + Emerson = babies can form attachment at the same time
The primary attachment may be stronger but not different in nature
BOWLBY’S THEORY - SUPPORT FOR SOCIAL RELEASERS
Babies became upset when attachment figure ignored social releasers (Brazlton et al)
BOWLBY’S THEORY - SP FOR IWM
Quality of attachment is passed through generations (Bailey - found mothers with poor attachment to their own paf more likely to have poor attachment w/ their babies)
— ignores other factors (genetic) in social beh + parenting (Kornienko)
BOWLBY’S THEORY - FEMINIST CONCERNS
Bowlbys views imply that mothers shouldn’t work outside the home but it also gave the mothers role greater credit + theory has rwa (custody)
TYPES OF ATTACHMENT - GOOD PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
Attachment style predicts later social behaviour eg school success/bullying (McCormick)
—- Kegan suggests behaviour differences due to genetically-influenced anxiety lvls
TYPES OF ATTACHMENT - GOOD RELIABILITY
94% agreement between trained observers (Bick)
TYPES OF ATTACHMENT - TEST MAY BE CULTURE BOUND
Strange situation is developed in Britain + US, other cultures have different experiences that affect behaviour in the SS (eg Japan)
CULTURAL VARIATIONS - INDIGENOUS RESEARCHERS
Grossmann (German) reduces bias + miscommunication with ppts
CULTURAL VARIATIONS - CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
Apparent cultural differences might have been due to sample characteristics or environmental differences (eg room size)
CULTURAL VARIATIONS - IMPOSED ETIC
Beh in SS have different meanings in different cultures (eg low affection = independence in Germany)
MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - FLAWED EVIDENCE
Bowlby may have been a biased observer. Goldfarb’s confounding variables.
— research with rats shows deprivation can harm social development (Levy)
MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - DEPRIVATION + PRIVATION
Some of the 44 thieves may have been ‘prived’ deprivation less damaging (Rutter)
MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - CRITICAL V SENSITIVE PERIOD
Czech twins (Koluchova) recovery suggests its a sensitive period
INSTITUTIONALISATION - RWA
Both institutional care + adoption practice have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans.
INSTITUTIONALISATION - FEWER CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
Romanian orphans had fewer negative influ before institutionalisation than eg war orphans
— especially poor conditions in Romanian orphanages cld be a confounding variable
INSTITUTIONALISATION - LACK OF ADULT DATA
We don’t know the effects on institutional care on adult development
ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS - RS
Review (Fearon + Roisman) showed consistent links eg. disorganised type + mental disorder
— Regensburg longitudinal study (Becker-Stoll) no continuity in attachment type has remained the same into adulthood
ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS - VALIDITY ISSUES W/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES
Self-report answers not always honest, + assumes that attachment type has remained the same into adulthood
ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS - CONFOUNDING VARIABLES
Associations between attachment type + later development may be due to eg parenting styles or genes
