ATTACHMENT

Question 1

CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS - FILMED OBSERVATIONS

Answer 1

Capture fine detail, can establish inter-rater reliability + babies not aware of being observed

Question 2

CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS - DIFFICULTY OBSERVING BABIES

Answer 2

Hard to know meaning of small movements

Question 3

CAREGIVER-INFANT INTERACTIONS - DEVELOPMENTAL IMPORTANCE

Answer 3

Observation of beh does not tell us about it’s importance in development
—- evidence from eg. Isabella et al suggests interactional synchrony is important for attachment

Question 4

SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - GOOD EXTERNAL VALIDITY

Answer 4

Mothers did the observing so babies not stressed by being observed
—- mothers mights not have accurately noted behaviour

Question 5

SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - POOR EVIDENCE FOR THE ASOCIAL STAGE

Answer 5

Babies have poor coordination so just may seem asocial

Question 6

SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - RWA

Answer 6

No harm in starting day care during asocial/indiscriminate stages, but problematic starting daycare in specific attachment stage

Question 7

SHAFFER’S STAGES OF ATTACHMENT - GENERALISABILITY

Answer 7

Data gathered only in 1960s working class Glasgow eg. Multiple attachment may be different in collectivist cultures (van IJzendoorn)

Question 8

ROLE OF THE FATHER - CONFLICTING EVIDENCE

Answer 8

Studies have reached different conclusions about a distinctive role for fathers.
—- fathers may be predisposed to a role but single mothers + lesbian parents simply take on these roles

Question 9

ROLE OF THE FATHER - RWA

Answer 9

Mothers may feel pressured to stay at home because of stereotypical views of mothers + fathers role.
Families can be advised about the fathers role in attachment

Question 10

ROLE OF THE FATHER - CONFUSION OVER RS Q

Answer 10

Competing research questions prevent a simple answer about the father’s role

Question 11

ROLE OF THE FATHER - BIAS IN THE RS

Answer 11

Preconceptions lead to observer bias, may affect some studies

Question 12

LORENZ - RS

Answer 12

Regolin et al observed chicks imprint on moving shapes. when shapes moved they followed original most closely.

Question 13

LORENZ - GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS

Answer 13

Attachment system in birds are less complex + not two way

Question 14

HARLOW - REAL WORLD VALUE

Answer 14

Helps professionals (social workers) to promote bonding (Howe) also applied to zoos and breeding programmes

Question 15

HARLOW - GENERALISABILITY TO HUMANS

Answer 15

Monkeys more similar to humans that birds but human mind + beh are more complex

Question 16

HARLOW - ETHICAL ISSUES

Answer 16

Procedures caused severe long-term distress to ppts, may not be outweighed by theoretical + practical benefits

Question 17

LEARNING THEORY - COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM ANIMAL STUDIES

Answer 17

Lorenz + Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachment

Question 18

LEARNING THEORY - COUNTER-EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES ON HUMANS

Answer 18

Primary attachment figure is not always person who does feeding (Shaffer + Emerson), quality of attachment is related to interactional synchrony not feeding (Isabella)

Question 19

LEARNING THEORY - SOME CONDITIONING MAY BE INVOLVED

Answer 19

Conditioning (association w/ comfort) may influence the choice of primary attachment figure
—- babies are more active in attachment than conditioning expositions suggest (Fieldman)

Question 20

BOWLBY’S THEORY - VALIDITY OF MONOTROPY CHALLENGED

Answer 20

Shaffer + Emerson = babies can form attachment at the same time
The primary attachment may be stronger but not different in nature

Question 21

BOWLBY’S THEORY - SUPPORT FOR SOCIAL RELEASERS

Answer 21

Babies became upset when attachment figure ignored social releasers (Brazlton et al)

Question 22

BOWLBY’S THEORY - SP FOR IWM

Answer 22

Quality of attachment is passed through generations (Bailey - found mothers with poor attachment to their own paf more likely to have poor attachment w/ their babies)
— ignores other factors (genetic) in social beh + parenting (Kornienko)

Question 23

BOWLBY’S THEORY - FEMINIST CONCERNS

Answer 23

Bowlbys views imply that mothers shouldn’t work outside the home but it also gave the mothers role greater credit + theory has rwa (custody)

Question 24

TYPES OF ATTACHMENT - GOOD PREDICTIVE VALIDITY

Answer 24

Attachment style predicts later social behaviour eg school success/bullying (McCormick)
—- Kegan suggests behaviour differences due to genetically-influenced anxiety lvls

Question 25

TYPES OF ATTACHMENT - GOOD RELIABILITY

Answer 25

94% agreement between trained observers (Bick)

Question 26

TYPES OF ATTACHMENT - TEST MAY BE CULTURE BOUND

Answer 26

Strange situation is developed in Britain + US, other cultures have different experiences that affect behaviour in the SS (eg Japan)

Question 27

CULTURAL VARIATIONS - INDIGENOUS RESEARCHERS

Answer 27

Grossmann (German) reduces bias + miscommunication with ppts

Question 28

CULTURAL VARIATIONS - CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

Answer 28

Apparent cultural differences might have been due to sample characteristics or environmental differences (eg room size)

Question 29

CULTURAL VARIATIONS - IMPOSED ETIC

Answer 29

Beh in SS have different meanings in different cultures (eg low affection = independence in Germany)

Question 30

MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - FLAWED EVIDENCE

Answer 30

Bowlby may have been a biased observer. Goldfarb’s confounding variables.
— research with rats shows deprivation can harm social development (Levy)

Question 31

MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - DEPRIVATION + PRIVATION

Answer 31

Some of the 44 thieves may have been ‘prived’ deprivation less damaging (Rutter)

Question 32

MATERNAL DEPRIVATION - CRITICAL V SENSITIVE PERIOD

Answer 32

Czech twins (Koluchova) recovery suggests its a sensitive period

Question 33

INSTITUTIONALISATION - RWA

Answer 33

Both institutional care + adoption practice have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans.

Question 34

INSTITUTIONALISATION - FEWER CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

Answer 34

Romanian orphans had fewer negative influ before institutionalisation than eg war orphans
— especially poor conditions in Romanian orphanages cld be a confounding variable

Question 35

INSTITUTIONALISATION - LACK OF ADULT DATA

Answer 35

We don’t know the effects on institutional care on adult development

Question 36

ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS - RS

Answer 36

Review (Fearon + Roisman) showed consistent links eg. disorganised type + mental disorder
— Regensburg longitudinal study (Becker-Stoll) no continuity in attachment type has remained the same into adulthood

Question 37

ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS - VALIDITY ISSUES W/ RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES

Answer 37

Self-report answers not always honest, + assumes that attachment type has remained the same into adulthood

Question 38

ATTACHMENT ON LATER RELATIONSHIPS - CONFOUNDING VARIABLES

Answer 38

Associations between attachment type + later development may be due to eg parenting styles or genes