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social influence Flashcards

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1
Q

define conformity (2)

A
  1. changes in an individuals beliefs/behaviours
  2. due to real or imagined group pressure
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2
Q

what are the 3 types of conformity?

A

compliance
identification
internalisation

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3
Q

define compliance (3)

A
  1. most artificial, least permanent
  2. in public- individual changes behaviours or beliefs to fit in
    in private- reverts back
  3. linked to NSI
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4
Q

define identification (3)

A
  1. stronger type of conformity, possible private and public acceptance
  2. individuals look to group for guidance and take on a role as membership is desirable
  3. when group is no longer valuable, behaviour may revert back
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5
Q

define internalisation (3)

A
  1. deepest and most permanent
  2. publicly and privately change behaviours and beliefs due to accepting a groups attitudes into our own cognition
  3. linked to ISI
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6
Q

what are the explanations for conformity?

A

informational social influence
normative social influence

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7
Q

describe informational social influence (3)

A
  1. driven by the desire to be right
  2. individual is unsure about something they seek information from a group and assume it is right (cognitive process)
  3. leads to internalisation
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8
Q

describe normative social influence (3)

A
  1. driven by the desire to be liked
  2. go along with group behaviour to avoid ridicule and gain acceptance (emotional process)
  3. leads to compliance
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9
Q

what are 4 AO3 points for explanations of conformity?

A
  1. RTS- Jenness
  2. ^lacks ecological validity
  3. RTS- Asch
  4. ^gender bias
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10
Q

what did Jenness do?

A

individuals private guessed the number of jelly beans in a jar, then group guessed and private guessed again.
second private guess was closer to the group guess

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11
Q

why did Jenness’ research support explanations of conformity?

A

supports ISI because results were ambiguous

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12
Q

how does Jenness’ research lack ecological validity?

A

it took place in an artificial lab environment

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13
Q

what was Asch’s aim?

A

to investigate the effects of a majority opinion on individuals judgements

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14
Q

what was Asch’s method?

A

lab experiment

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15
Q

what was Asch’s sample?

A

124 American male students

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16
Q

describe Asch’s procedure

A
  1. 7-9 confederates in a group said the wrong line as the answer
  2. participants were always second to last or last to answer and gave a wrong answer 37% of the time
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17
Q

how much of the time did real ppts give the wrong answer for Asch’s experiment?

A

37%

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18
Q

what happened post-experiment with Asch?

A

interviews found that the majority of ppts conformed publicly but not privately

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19
Q

what was Asch’s conclusion?

A

supports NSI because results were unambiguous and ppts wanted to be accepted

20
Q

why does Asch’s experiment have gender bias?

A

only males were tested
females may react differently to conformity

21
Q

what are 3 variables affecting conformity?

A

group size
unanimity
task difficulty

22
Q

what did Asch find when investigating group size?

A

conformity rates increase as size of majority increases but stops having an effect once group reaches 3 people
one confederate- 3%
two confederate- 13%
three confederate- 32%

23
Q

what did Asch find when investigating unanimity

A
24
Q

what did Asch find when investigating unanimity?

A

unanimity- complete agreement
when dissenter breaks the groups unanimous position conformity decreases
one confederate correct answer- 5.5%
lone confederate- 9%

25
Q

what did Asch find when investigating task difficulty?

A

conformity increases when task difficulty increases
one variation- lines more similar in length
right answer less obvious we lose confidence

26
Q

what are 4 AO3 points for variables affecting conformity?

A
  1. RTS- Lucas et al
  2. ^individual factors
  3. gender bias
  4. culture bias
27
Q

what did Lucas et al do?

A

give students easy and hard maths problems
give 3 fake answers
students conformed more when maths was hard

28
Q

define conformity to social roles

A
  • social roles are the parts people play as members of social groups
  • these come with expectations of appropriate behaviour
  • in each role we internalise these expectations
29
Q

what was Zimbardo’s aim?

A

to investigate how freely people would conform to the roles of a guard and prisoner in a role play excercise that re-created prison life

30
Q

what was Zimbardo’s sample?

A

24 emotionally stable US male uni students

31
Q

what was Zimbardo’s procedure?

A
  1. ppts randomly allocated to the role of prisoner or guard
  2. prisoners – arrested at homes, taken to the prison, searched dressed in smock uniforms and referred to as a number rather than by name
  3. guards – given uniforms, a ‘night stick’ and mirrored glasses. instructed to keep prisoners under control but to use no physical violence.
  4. basement of the psychology department at Stanford University was converted into a mock prison.
  5. prisoners placed in cells and a regular routine was established
  6. Zimbardo took on the role of prison superintendent.
32
Q

what did the outfits in Zimbardo’s experiment cause?

A

de-individuation-
a loss of personal identity encouraging ppts to conform to their social role

33
Q

what would a prisoner have to do if they wanted to leave Zimbardo’s study?

A

go through a parole process

34
Q

what did Zimbardo find?

A
  1. prisoners rebelled and ripped off their numbers and guards responded by locking them in their cells and confiscating their blankets
  2. punishments by the guards escalated- prisoners humiliated and deprived of sleep
  3. Identification- prisoners referring prison numbers instead of names
  4. prisoners were depressed and stressed
  5. study meant to run for 2 weeks but was called off after 6 days
35
Q

what did Zimbardo conclude?

A
  1. guards, prisoners and researchers conformed to their role within the prison
  2. social roles have an extraordinary power over individuals, making even the most well-adjusted capable of extreme brutality towards others
36
Q

what are 4 AO3 points for Zimbardo’s study on conformity to social roles?

A
  • prone to demand characteristics
  • ethical issues
  • practical applications
  • gender bias
37
Q

define the term obedience to authority

A

type of social influence where somebody acts in response to a direct order from a figure with perceived authority

38
Q

who conducted obedience to authority?

A

milgram

39
Q

what was milgram’s aim?

A

to investigate if individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure even if this led to negative consequences

40
Q

what was milgram’s method?

A

lab experiment

41
Q

where did milgram’s study take place?

A

yale university

42
Q

what was milgram’s sample?

A

40 american males aged 20-50

43
Q

what was milgram’s procedure?

A
  1. ppts volunteered from a newspaper
  2. ppt meets confederate
  3. teacher is ppt, student is confederate
  4. teachers job is to deliver questions and electric shocks when students got answers wrong
  5. 15-450V
  6. experimenter used prompts like ‘please continue’ and ‘you have no other choice’
44
Q

what did milgram find?

A

all ppts went to at least 300V
65% of ppts went to 450V

45
Q

what did milgram conclude?

A

ordinary people are obedient to authority when asked to behave in an inhumane way
not evil people- ordinary people obeying orders

46
Q

give 4 AO3 points for milgram’s experiment

A

prone to demand characteristics
RTS- hofling
gender bias
ethical issues

psychology (14 decks)

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