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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A

deviation from social norms
failure to function adequately
deviation from ideal mental health
statistical infrequency

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2
Q

define deviation from social norms

A
  1. rules of expected behaviour are set by social groups
  2. can be explicit or implicit
  3. anything that deviates from expected behaviour is considered abnormal
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3
Q

what are the AO3 points for deviation from social norms?

A
  • limited by cultural relativism
  • differentiates between desirable and undesirable
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4
Q

define failure to function adequately

A
  1. not being able to cope with the demands of every day life
  2. abnormal behaviour interferes with every day life (example)
  3. Rosenhan and Seligman: maladaptive, irrational behaviour that is dangerous
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5
Q

give the AO3 for failure to function adequately

A
  • can be used as a measure for when to seek help
  • easy to label a non-standard lifestyle as abnormal
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6
Q

define deviation from ideal mental health

A
  1. Jahoda has 6 criteria that defines mental healthiness
  2. failure to meet one or more suggests an abnormality, more missed=more abnormal
  3. say 3 of the criteria
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7
Q

what are jahodas 6 criteria?

A

self attitudes
self actualisation
mastery of environment
resistance to stress
autonomy
reality

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8
Q

what are the AO3 points for deviation from ideal mental health?

A
  • positive approach
  • strict criteria
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9
Q

define statistical infrequency

A
  1. suggests we should look at typical behaviours of the population
  2. any rare behaviour is abnormal
  3. 2 or more standard deviations away from the mean is rare on a distribution curve
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10
Q

what are the AO3 points for statistical infrequency?

A
  • practical applications
  • does not differentiate between desirable and undesirable
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11
Q

what is a behavioural characteristic?

A

how you act

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12
Q

what is an emotional characteristic?

A

how you feel

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13
Q

what is a cognitive characteristic?

A

how you think

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14
Q

what are 2 behavioural characteristics of phobias?

A

avoidance of feared object
panic

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15
Q

explain ‘avoidance’ as a behavioural characteristic for phobias

A

making a conscious effort to avoid coming in contact with their phobic stimulus

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16
Q

explain ‘panic’ as a behavioural characteristic for phobias

A

crying/screaming/running
or
freezing/fainting

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17
Q

what are 2 emotional characteristics of phobias?

A

anxiety
fear

18
Q

explain ‘anxiety’ as an emotional characteristic of phobias

A

exposure to phobic stimulus causes worry or stress

19
Q

explain ‘fear’ as an emotional characteristic of phobias

A

exposure to phobic stimulus causes terror

20
Q

what are 2 cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A

persistent irrational beliefs
selective attention

21
Q

explain ‘persistent irrational beliefs’ as a cognitive characteristic of phobias

A

eg. beliefs that the phobic stimulus will harm you

22
Q

explain ‘selective attention’ as a cognitive characteristic if phobias

A

keeping attention on phobic stimulus and finding it hard to look away due to ‘danger’

23
Q

what are 3 behavioural characteristics for depression?

A

change in activity levels
disruption to sleep
disruption to eating behaviour

24
Q

explain ‘change in activity levels’ as a behavioural characteristic for depression

A

a lack of energy and withdrawal from activities once enjoyed
or
increased activity

25
Q

explain ‘disruption to sleep’ as a behavioural characteristic for depression

A

insomnia or hypersomnia

26
Q

explain ‘disruption to eating beaviour’ as a behavioural characteristic for depression

A

increased appetite and weight gain
or
decreased appetite and weight loss

27
Q

what are 2 emotional characteristics of depression?

A

lowered mood
anger

28
Q

explain ‘lowered mood’ as an emotional characteristic for depression

A

often feeling sad, empty, worthless and numb

29
Q

explain ‘anger’ as an emotional characteristic for depression

A

towards self or others

30
Q

what are 3 cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

poor levels of concentration
negative schema
black and white thinkibg

31
Q

explain ‘poor levels of concentration’ as a cognitive characteristic for depression

A

unable to stick with a task or make simple decisions, interfering with individual’s work

32
Q

explain ‘negative schema’ as a cognitive characteristic for depression

A

interpreting all info in a negative way, ignoring the positives

33
Q

explain ‘black and white thinking’ as a cognitive characteristic for depression

A

viewing an unfortunate situation as an absolute disaster

34
Q

what are 2 behavioural characteristics for OCD?

A

compulsions
avoidance

35
Q

explain ‘compulsions’ as a behavioural characteristic for OCD

A

external behaviours that are repeated to reduce anxiety (eg washing hands)

36
Q

explain ‘avoidance’ as a behavioural characteristic for OCD

A

avoiding situations that trigger compulsions (eg shaking hands with somebody)

37
Q

what is an emotional characteristic of OCD?

A

anxiety and distress

38
Q

explain ‘anxiety and distress’ as an emotional characteristic for OCD

A

obsessions are often unpleasant causing distress and urge to perform compulsions cause anxiety

39
Q

what are 3 cognitive characteristics for OCD?

A

obsessions
awareness
hypervigilance

40
Q

explain ‘obsessions’ as a cognitive characteristic for OCD

A

internal intrusive thoughts that are recurring and unpleasant which cause anxiety

41
Q

explain ‘awareness’ as a cognitive characteristic for OCD

A

aware that compulsions and obsessions are irrational

psychology (14 decks)

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