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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

define attachment

A
  1. emotional link between infant and caregiver where both feel more secure
  2. interactions between caregiver and infants start attachments and the responsiveness of the caregiver has a deep effect on the child
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2
Q

how do we recognise an infant has an attachment?

A
  1. proximity
  2. separation distress
  3. secure base behaviour
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3
Q

what is interactional synchrony?

A
  1. caregiver and infant respond in time to keep communication going
  2. eg. infant smiles and caregiver smiles at the same time
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4
Q

who studied interactional synchrony?

A

meltzoff and moore

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5
Q

what was meltzoff and moore’s method?

A

controlled observation

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6
Q

what was meltzoff and moore’s sample?

A

40 two week old babies

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7
Q

what was meltzoff and moore’s procedure?

A
  1. an adult displayed one of three facial expressions to child (mouth open, tongue out, smile)
  2. child’s response was filmed
  3. link was found between facial expression and response
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8
Q

what is reciprocity?

A
  1. two way mutual process where infant and caregiver take turns to respond to each others signals
  2. behaviour of each person prompts a response from the other
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9
Q

what did brazleton say about reciprocity?

A
  1. both start the interaction and take it in turns to do so
  2. it’s like a dance
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10
Q

give 4 AO3 points for caregiver infant interactions

A
  1. research lacks ecological validity
  2. research has high control over extraneous variables
  3. prone to bias
  4. practical applications
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11
Q

what was Schaffer’s aim?

A

to investigate the formation of early attachments, the age they develop and who they are directed to

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12
Q

what was Schaffer’s method?

A

longitudinal study

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13
Q

what was Schaffer’s sample?

A

60 working class newborn babies and their mothers from Glasgow

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14
Q

what was Schaffer’s procedure?

A

babies and mothers were visited every month for the first year of the babies life and again at 18 months with observations and interviews

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15
Q

how was attachment measured in Schaffer’s study?

A

separation and stranger anxiety

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16
Q

what did Schaffer find?

A

there are 4 stages to attachment

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17
Q

what were Schaffer and Emerson’s 4 stages to attachment?

A
  1. asocial
  2. indiscriminate attachment
  3. specific attachment
  4. multiple attachment
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18
Q

what age is the asocial phase entered?

A

first few weeks

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19
Q

what age is the indiscriminate phase entered?

A

2-7 months

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20
Q

what age is the specific phase entered?

A

around 7 months

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21
Q

describe the asocial phase

A

baby’s behaviour towards objects and humans are similar

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22
Q

describe the indiscriminate attachment phase

A

babies show a preference for people over objects and recognise people
doesn’t show separation or stranger anxiety

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23
Q

describe the specific attachment phase

A

displays stranger and separation anxiety (mostly mother) to whoever responds to baby’s signals the mosy

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24
Q

describe the multiple attachments stage

A

baby attaches to other adults
18 months- 75% had an attachment to father

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25
Q

give 4 AO3 points for Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment

A
  1. high ecological validity
  2. social desirability bias
  3. culture bias
  4. longitudinal study (no individual differences)
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26
Q

who studied the role of the father?

A

grossman

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27
Q

who conducted research to contradict Grossman’s research into the role of the father?

A

field

28
Q

what was Grossman’s procedure?

A

longitudinal study looking at both parents behaviour and its relationship to the quality of the childs attachment into their teens

29
Q

what did Grossman find within his research on the role of the father and what did he conclude from these findings?

A
  1. the quality of the child’s attachment with the mother was related to the attachment in adolescence- father attachment less important
  2. quality of father play was related to child’s attachment- fathers have a different role: play and stimulation
30
Q

what was field’s aim?

A

to investigate the role of the father

31
Q

what was field’s method?

A

controlled observation

32
Q

what was field’s procedure?

A

filmed 4 month old babies in face to face interactions with primary caregiver mothers and fathers and secondary caregiver fathers

33
Q

what did field find?

A

primary caregiver mothers and fathers spent more time smiling and holding infants compared to secondary caregiver fathers

34
Q

what did field conclude?

A

fathers can have the more nurturing attachment depending on the level of attachment

35
Q

what are 3 AO3 points for the role of the father?

A
  1. practical appliations
  2. homosexual parents
  3. traditional gender roles
36
Q

who are the 2 animal studies researched by and what animals did they research on?

A
  1. lorenz- goslings
  2. harlow- monkeys
37
Q

what was lorenz’ aim?

A

to investigate the effects of imprinting on goslings

38
Q

what was lorenz’s method?

A

field experiment

39
Q

what was lorenz’s procedure?

A
  1. lorenz randomly divided 12 gosling eggs
  2. half hatched wit mother half hatched in incubator seeing lorenz first
  3. lorenz recorded who gosling imprinted on
40
Q

what did lorenz find?

A
  1. the incubator group imprinted on lorenz whereas the control group imprinted on mother
  2. critical period-12-17 hours
  3. goslings who imprinted on humans would try to mate with humans
41
Q

what did lorenz conclude?

A

goslings imprint on the first moving object they see and there is a critical period

42
Q

what are 3 AO£ points for lorenz’s study?

A
  1. animal bias
  2. practical applications
  3. researcher bias
43
Q

what was harlow’s aim?

A

to investigate whether food or comfort is more important in the formation of attachments

44
Q

what was harlow’s method?

A

lab experiment

45
Q

what was harlow’s procedure?

A
  1. 16 baby rhesus monkeys placed in cages with surrogate mothers: cloth or food
  2. amount of time with mother recorded
  3. monkeys frightened with loud noise
  4. long term effects recorded
46
Q

what did harlow find?

A
  1. monkeys spent more time with cloth mother
  2. when frightened, monkeys went to cloth mother
  3. monkeys had emotional damage such as timid, easily bullied and difficulty mating
47
Q

what did harlow conclude?

A

contact comfort is the most important factor when forming an attachment

48
Q

what are 3 AO3 ponts for harlow’s research?

A
  1. animal bias
  2. practical applications
  3. ethical issues
49
Q

what are the two explanations for attachments?

A

learning theory
monotropic theory

50
Q

what is the learning theory split into?

A

classical conditioning
operant conditioning

51
Q

what does the learning theory say about attachments and food?

A

infants attach to whoever feeds them

52
Q

how does attachment link to classical conditioning according to the learning theory?

A

unconditioned stimulus- milk
unconditioned response- pleasure
neutral stimulus- feeder
associate- feeder with pleasure
conditioned stimulus- feeder
conditioned response- pleasure

53
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

behaviour learnt through:
positive reinforcement- rewarded for a behaviour means the behaviour will be repeated to gain the same reward
negative reinforcement- doing a behaviour to avoid a negative consequence and repeating
punishment- behaviour will stop

54
Q

how does attachment link to operant conditioning according to the learning theory?

A

positive reinforcement- an infant is hungry and cries- caregiver responds
negative reinforcement- when caregiver feeds infant crying stops
mutual reinforcement strengthens an attachment

55
Q

what are 3 AO3 points for the learning theory of attachment?

A

RTC- harlow
RTC- schaffer and emerson
environmental reductionism

56
Q

what are the 5 letters needed to remember for bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

ASCMI

57
Q

what are the 5 stages of bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

adaptive
social releasers
critical period
monotropy
internal working model

58
Q

what does the adaptive stage of bowlby’s monotropic theory state?

A

that attachments are innate ad inherited in order to improve survival
(programmed to attach)

59
Q

what does the social releasers stage of bowlby’s monotropic theory state?

A

infants are born with social releasers such as smiling, laughing and looking cute which triggers a response in caregivers

60
Q

what does the monotropy stage of bowlby’s monotropic theory state?

A

emphasises attachment to one caregiver which is the most important attachment in childs development- the mother (doesn’t have to be biological)

61
Q

what are 2 principles within the monotropy stage of bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

law of continuity
law of accumulated separation

62
Q

what does the law of continuity suggest?

A

the quality of a child’s attachment will be better if they receive consistent and predictable care

63
Q

what does the law of accumulated separation state?

A

having substantial time apart from the monotropy risks a poor quality attachment.

64
Q

what does the IWM stage of bowlby’s monotropic theory state?

A
  • mental representation that child forms of their relationship with their primary caregiver
  • serves as a model for what relationships are like
  • used with to build an expectation of future relationships
  • POWERFUL impact on the child’s future relationships with peers, romantic partners and own children
  • IWM passed on from generations
65
Q

what are 4 AO3 points for bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

RTS- lorenz
RTS- hazan and shaver
RTC- schaffer and emerson
alt explanation- learning theory

psychology (14 decks)

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