attachment Flashcards
1
Q
define attachment
A
- emotional link between infant and caregiver where both feel more secure
- interactions between caregiver and infants start attachments and the responsiveness of the caregiver has a deep effect on the child
2
Q
how do we recognise an infant has an attachment?
A
- proximity
- separation distress
- secure base behaviour
3
Q
what is interactional synchrony?
A
- caregiver and infant respond in time to keep communication going
- eg. infant smiles and caregiver smiles at the same time
4
Q
who studied interactional synchrony?
A
meltzoff and moore
5
Q
what was meltzoff and moore’s method?
A
controlled observation
6
Q
what was meltzoff and moore’s sample?
A
40 two week old babies
7
Q
what was meltzoff and moore’s procedure?
A
- an adult displayed one of three facial expressions to child (mouth open, tongue out, smile)
- child’s response was filmed
- link was found between facial expression and response
8
Q
what is reciprocity?
A
- two way mutual process where infant and caregiver take turns to respond to each others signals
- behaviour of each person prompts a response from the other
9
Q
what did brazleton say about reciprocity?
A
- both start the interaction and take it in turns to do so
- it’s like a dance
10
Q
give 4 AO3 points for caregiver infant interactions
A
- research lacks ecological validity
- research has high control over extraneous variables
- prone to bias
- practical applications
11
Q
what was Schaffer’s aim?
A
to investigate the formation of early attachments, the age they develop and who they are directed to
12
Q
what was Schaffer’s method?
A
longitudinal study
13
Q
what was Schaffer’s sample?
A
60 working class newborn babies and their mothers from Glasgow
14
Q
what was Schaffer’s procedure?
A
babies and mothers were visited every month for the first year of the babies life and again at 18 months with observations and interviews
15
Q
how was attachment measured in Schaffer’s study?
A
separation and stranger anxiety
16
Q
what did Schaffer find?
A
there are 4 stages to attachment
17
Q
what were Schaffer and Emerson’s 4 stages to attachment?
A
- asocial
- indiscriminate attachment
- specific attachment
- multiple attachment
18
Q
what age is the asocial phase entered?
A
first few weeks
19
Q
what age is the indiscriminate phase entered?
A
2-7 months
20
Q
what age is the specific phase entered?
A
around 7 months
21
Q
describe the asocial phase
A
baby’s behaviour towards objects and humans are similar
22
Q
describe the indiscriminate attachment phase
A
babies show a preference for people over objects and recognise people
doesn’t show separation or stranger anxiety
23
Q
describe the specific attachment phase
A
displays stranger and separation anxiety (mostly mother) to whoever responds to baby’s signals the mosy
24
Q
describe the multiple attachments stage
A
baby attaches to other adults
18 months- 75% had an attachment to father
25
give 4 AO3 points for Schaffer and Emerson’s stages of attachment
1. high ecological validity
2. social desirability bias
3. culture bias
4. longitudinal study (no individual differences)
26
who studied the role of the father?
grossman
27
who conducted research to contradict Grossman's research into the role of the father?
field
28
what was Grossman's procedure?
longitudinal study looking at both parents behaviour and its relationship to the quality of the childs attachment into their teens
29
what did Grossman find within his research on the role of the father and what did he conclude from these findings?
1. the quality of the child's attachment with the mother was related to the attachment in adolescence- father attachment less important
2. quality of father play was related to child's attachment- fathers have a different role: play and stimulation
30
what was field's aim?
to investigate the role of the father
31
what was field's method?
controlled observation
32
what was field's procedure?
filmed 4 month old babies in face to face interactions with primary caregiver mothers and fathers and secondary caregiver fathers
33
what did field find?
primary caregiver mothers and fathers spent more time smiling and holding infants compared to secondary caregiver fathers
34
what did field conclude?
fathers can have the more nurturing attachment depending on the level of attachment
35
what are 3 AO3 points for the role of the father?
1. practical appliations
2. homosexual parents
3. traditional gender roles
36
who are the 2 animal studies researched by and what animals did they research on?
1. lorenz- goslings
2. harlow- monkeys
37
what was lorenz' aim?
to investigate the effects of imprinting on goslings
38
what was lorenz's method?
field experiment
39
what was lorenz's procedure?
1. lorenz randomly divided 12 gosling eggs
2. half hatched wit mother half hatched in incubator seeing lorenz first
3. lorenz recorded who gosling imprinted on
40
what did lorenz find?
1. the incubator group imprinted on lorenz whereas the control group imprinted on mother
2. critical period-12-17 hours
3. goslings who imprinted on humans would try to mate with humans
41
what did lorenz conclude?
goslings imprint on the first moving object they see and there is a critical period
42
what are 3 AO£ points for lorenz's study?
1. animal bias
2. practical applications
3. researcher bias
43
what was harlow's aim?
to investigate whether food or comfort is more important in the formation of attachments
44
what was harlow's method?
lab experiment
45
what was harlow's procedure?
1. 16 baby rhesus monkeys placed in cages with surrogate mothers: cloth or food
2. amount of time with mother recorded
3. monkeys frightened with loud noise
4. long term effects recorded
46
what did harlow find?
1. monkeys spent more time with cloth mother
2. when frightened, monkeys went to cloth mother
3. monkeys had emotional damage such as timid, easily bullied and difficulty mating
47
what did harlow conclude?
contact comfort is the most important factor when forming an attachment
48
what are 3 AO3 ponts for harlow's research?
1. animal bias
2. practical applications
3. ethical issues
49
what are the two explanations for attachments?
learning theory
monotropic theory
50
what is the learning theory split into?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
51
what does the learning theory say about attachments and food?
infants attach to whoever feeds them
52
how does attachment link to classical conditioning according to the learning theory?
unconditioned stimulus- milk
unconditioned response- pleasure
neutral stimulus- feeder
associate- feeder with pleasure
conditioned stimulus- feeder
conditioned response- pleasure
53
what is operant conditioning?
behaviour learnt through:
positive reinforcement- rewarded for a behaviour means the behaviour will be repeated to gain the same reward
negative reinforcement- doing a behaviour to avoid a negative consequence and repeating
punishment- behaviour will stop
54
how does attachment link to operant conditioning according to the learning theory?
positive reinforcement- an infant is hungry and cries- caregiver responds
negative reinforcement- when caregiver feeds infant crying stops
mutual reinforcement strengthens an attachment
55
what are 3 AO3 points for the learning theory of attachment?
RTC- harlow
RTC- schaffer and emerson
environmental reductionism
56
what are the 5 letters needed to remember for bowlby's monotropic theory?
ASCMI
57
what are the 5 stages of bowlby's monotropic theory?
adaptive
social releasers
critical period
monotropy
internal working model
58
what does the adaptive stage of bowlby's monotropic theory state?
that attachments are innate ad inherited in order to improve survival
(programmed to attach)
59
what does the social releasers stage of bowlby's monotropic theory state?
infants are born with social releasers such as smiling, laughing and looking cute which triggers a response in caregivers
60
what does the monotropy stage of bowlby's monotropic theory state?
emphasises attachment to one caregiver which is the most important attachment in childs development- the mother (doesn't have to be biological)
61
what are 2 principles within the monotropy stage of bowlby's monotropic theory?
law of continuity
law of accumulated separation
62
what does the law of continuity suggest?
the quality of a child's attachment will be better if they receive consistent and predictable care
63
what does the law of accumulated separation state?
having substantial time apart from the monotropy risks a poor quality attachment.
64
what does the IWM stage of bowlby's monotropic theory state?
- mental representation that child forms of their relationship with their primary caregiver
- serves as a model for what relationships are like
- used with to build an expectation of future relationships
- POWERFUL impact on the child’s future relationships with peers, romantic partners and own children
- IWM passed on from generations
65
what are 4 AO3 points for bowlby's monotropic theory?
RTS- lorenz
RTS- hazan and shaver
RTC- schaffer and emerson
alt explanation- learning theory
