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Social and Cultural Psychology > Social Influence > Flashcards

Social Influence Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the results of Triplett’s 1898 study on Audience effects?

A

More effort when watched e.g cyclist faster with others than alone

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2
Q

What were the results of Triplett’s 1898 study on Audience effects?

A

More effort when watched e.g cyclist faster with others than alone
Children mixed results

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3
Q

What is social facilitation?

A

Improved performance in the presence of an audience. Well learned, simple and easy tasks

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4
Q

What is social inhibition?

A

Deterioration in performance in the presence of other.
Poorly-learned, difficult and complex tasks

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5
Q

What three theories explain social inhibitions and social facilitation?

A
  1. Drive/arousal theory - mere presence of people
  2. Evaluation apprehension theory - evaluation apprehension
  3. Distraction-conflict theory - attentional conflict
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6
Q

What is the drive arousal theory?

A

Arousal occurs when a person is exposed to an audience.
e.g Cockroaches study Zajonc et al 1969
HARD MAZE - Ran slower with an audience than without = Social Inhibition
EASY MAZE - Ran faster with an audience = Social Facilitation

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7
Q

What is evaluation apprehension theory?

A

Having an audience present leads us to be concerned about the evaluation. Others evaluate us therefore arousal occurs

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8
Q

What were the results of the Cottrell et al., study about social facilitation?

A

No social facilitation in blindfolded/mere presence condition (when compared to controlled/alone)
Social facilitation occurred in the attentive audience condition
Message = Audience need to pay attention for the arousal to occur

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9
Q

What is the distraction-conflict theory?

A

That attentional conflict/distraction creates the arousal

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10
Q

What is attentional conflict?

A

Tendency to pay attention to the audience vs tendency to pay attention to the task

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11
Q

What is social loafing?

A

A reduction in individual effort when working on a task involving group effort

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12
Q

What could be the possible reasons for social loafing?

A

Coordination loss - having to coordinate with others
Motivation loss - Not willing to put in the effort (More likely)

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13
Q

What are the 4 explanations for social loafing?

A
  1. Matching of effort - expect others to loaf as well
  2. Dispensibility of effort - own contribution won’t be worth much
  3. Evaluation potential - Reduced identifiability of contribution
  4. Task meaningfulness/personal relevance - small relevance and value little effort
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14
Q

How to reduce social loafing?

A
  1. Smaller group sizes
  2. Have individual accountability
  3. Group members believing the group will be effective in achieving important goals
  4. People place greater values on groups than individuals
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15
Q

What do the cultural differences appear dependent on in reducing social loafing?

A

Type of Task
Make up of the group

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16
Q

What is intentional influence?

A

When others try to intentionally influence our behaviours when we are alone

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17
Q

What the 5 techniques of intentional influence?

A
  1. Foot in the door
  2. Door in the face
  3. Low ball
  4. That’s not all
  5. Reciprocity
18
Q

What is the foot on the door technique?

A

First make a small request: then follow it with a larger request. Explanation: Self-perception (feeling helpful), Consistency (strong preference for consistency likely to agree to second request)

19
Q

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A

First make a large request (most certainly will be refused); then makes the more reasonable request. Explanation: Reciprocity, Positive self-presentation

20
Q

What is the Low ball technique?

A

First get people to agree to a request, then reveal hidden costs. Explanation: commitment to decision

21
Q

What is the thats not all technique?

A

First make an offer; then enhances it with a ‘bonus’. Explanation: anchoring

22
Q

What is the reciprocity technique?

A

First do something for someone then ask them for a favour. Explanation: social norms, guilt

23
Q

What is conformity?

A

Behaviour intended to avoid standing out, even if that means ignoring one’s own judgement or wishes

24
Q

What are the underlying process of conformity?

A
  1. Informational Influence
  2. Normative Influence
25
Q

What is informational influence?

A

Conform because we think others are right, this is due to uncertainty. Tends to be a private acceptance and a true influence.

26
Q

What is normative influence?

A

Conform because we want others to accept us. Occurs when the group has the power to punish/reward us. Tends to be more public.

27
Q

What is the Sherif 1936 autokinetics (dark room pinpoint light - does the light move) study on informational influence?

A

Optical illusion that a pinpoint of light in a dark room appears to move. Results = Participants converged on a group norm and used group norms when alone

28
Q

What is Asch’s 1951 line study on normative influence?

A

Ask to state which line is longer - participant 2nd last to be asked. Confederates all gave the same wrong answer.
Results = 76% Gave the wrong answer once and on average conformity rate was 33%

29
Q

What 6 factors influence conformity?

A
  1. Individual characteristics - high self-monitoring, high need for social approval, high social anxiety
  2. Gender
  3. Group size - 3-6 people
  4. Group memberships - members are competent + friends
  5. Group unanimity - groups are unanimous
  6. Culture - more in collectivist cultures
30
Q

What is the Bond & Smith 1996 study results on conformity?

A

Conformity greater in collectivist cultures
and
the impact of culture was greater than any other variables

31
Q

What is the results of the Jonny Rocco study by Schachter 1951?

A

Deviates attracted most communication during the discussion - attempt to try and get them to conform

32
Q

What is minority influence?

A

Social influence processes whereby numerical (lgbt) or power minorities influence the majority

33
Q

What are the conditions that make it more likely for minority groups to influence the majority?

A
  1. Needs to be consistent across time and within the minority
  2. Shows investment in their position
  3. Demonstrates autonomy - free of conflict interest
  4. Show a degree of flexibilty
34
Q

What are the process involved in Exposure to the majority view in conversion theory?

A
  1. Desire to be liked and to be correct
  2. Superficial processing of majority’s position
  3. Public acceptance
  4. Public influence
35
Q

What are the process involved in Exposure to the minority view in conversion theory?

A
  1. Intrigue and desire to understand
  2. Deep processing of the position
  3. Private acceptance
  4. Private influence
36
Q

What is obedience?

A

When an authority commands us to behave in a certain way and we do

37
Q

What are the results of the Milgram 1963 study?

A

Shock learners if they give the wrong answer, connected to the shock apparatus and increase voltage with each wrong answer
Results = 12.5% stopped at 300V, 22.5% stopped at 315V - 375V, 65% stopped at max voltes

38
Q

What was the results of Burger 2009 study which replicated Milgrams study?

A

Burger study included ethical considerations70 and participants’ screed prior.
Results = 70% participants administered 150V Same as the previous study

39
Q

Were there any significant differences based on gender, age, education, or ethnicity in Burgers study on obedience?

A

No

40
Q

What are some explanations for the results in Milgram and Burgers study on obedience?

A
  1. Obedience to authority
  2. Responsibility for harm assigned to the experimenter
  3. Gradual increases in demands / voltage intensity
  4. Limited sources of information in a novel situation
41
Q

What factors reduced obedience?

A
  1. Immediacy of learner - Learner in the same room, participants have to place electrode on learners hand
  2. Immediacy/Legitimacy of experimenter - no uniform, instructions called in from other room
42
Q

What explanation for obedience does Reicher & Haslam’s Social Identity Theory give?

A
  1. Not obedience but identification that is important
  2. Participants could identify with the experimenter or learner
  3. Which identification occurred likely influenced situational factors

Social and Cultural Psychology (6 decks)

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