Social Identity Flashcards
What are the two approaches of Social Identity?
- Social Identity Theory (SIT) - Focus on inter-group behavior
- Self-categorisation Theory (SCT) - Focus on how individuals are able to act as a group
What are the key concepts of Social Identity Theory?
- Categorisation
- Comparison
- Positive Social Identity
What is the definition of social catergorisation?
The process of automatically classifying people into a category of social groups e.g gender, ethnicity, age, occupation
What is social comparisons?
Resulting from social categories
Social comparison is the comparison of our group (in-group) to another group (out-group).
What is in-group-out-group bias?
When we favour members of our own group over mebers of other groups
What are the strategies that we use when our group does not positively contribute to our social identity?
- Social Mobility: Change group members
- Social Creativity: Change elements of the comparison
- Social competition: Change the relative status of the group
What are the three key concepts of Self-categorisation Theory?
- Self-categorisation
- Meta-contrast principle
- Depersonalsation
What is self-categorisation?
Individuals group themselves with similar others and contrast this against groups from which they differ
What is the meta-contrast principles?
Categorisation is based on differences between and within groups
How do we categorise intra-groups and inter-groups?
Intra-group differences are minimised
Inter-group differences are maximised
What is depersonalisation?
A process of self-stereotyping. Individuals are interchangeable
What are the processes of social identity in individualist cultures?
- Inter-group comparisons
- Ingroup bias is less in real-life groups
- Ingroup bias is greater in arbitrary groups
- Poor in-group performance due to dissociation
What are the processes of social identity in collectivist cultures?
- Intra-group relationship orientation
- Ingroup bias is greater in real-life groups
- Ingroup bias is less in arbitrary groups
- Poor in-group performance due to out-group derogation
What is Ethnic Identity?
Identity based on similarities such as
- Physical Characteristics e.g skin colour
- Linguistic Characteristics e.g language, dialects
- Behavioural/cultural Characteristics e.g religion
- Environmental Characteristics e.g location, place of origin
What are the dimensions of belonging? Neville et at
- History/memory, place and peoplehood
- Sense of community
- Acceptance and pride
- Shared language and culture
- Interconnections
What are the barriers to belonging? Neville et al.,
- Phenotype (not fitting)
- Social identity
- History of colonisation
What is meant by Bi-cultural Australians?
Experiencing two cultures - integrating values, traditions, and behaviours of Heritage culture (greek, chinese) and the dominant national culture (Australian)
What is the acculturation orientation model of bi-culturalism by Berry, 1997?
Integration - High on heritage and high on national culture
Assimilation - Low on heritage and high on national culture
Separation - High on heritage and low on national culture
Marginalisation - low on both (few people)
What were the results of Nguyen & Benet’s study on the association between biculturalism and adjustment?
- Biculturalism was positively associated with Psychological (self-esteem) and sociocultural (academic performance) adjustment
- Any identification was positively associated with adjustment but stronger when bicultural adjustment
What are small group characteristics?
- Mutual awareness and influence
- Enduring relationships
- Common purpose or goal
- Felling of belonging
What is meant by group socialisation?
Becoming part of a group and being accepted and learning the group norms
What are the uniformities that define group membership and differentiate between groups?
Attitudinal + Behavioural
Deviation from the norm of a group can lead to?
- Disklike from other in-group members
- Pressure to conform
Shared beliefs about appropriate conduct for group members can be either formal or infomal? True or False
True
Roles that apply to a sub-group of people within the group can be?
- Formal or informal
- Task-oriented or relations-oriented
Roles are another structural aspect of small groups that…
Describe & prescribe behaviour
In terms of the roles within small groups, the group benefits when:
- Roles are matched to members abilities
- There is little role ambiguity
What is the Chemers 2001 Definition of leardership?
A process of social influence through which an individual enlists and mobilises the aid of others on the attainment of a collective goal
What are the three key aspects of leadership?
- Collective (group based)
- Relational (between leaders and followers)
- Purposeful (with a goal)
What are the three approaches to leadership?
- Personality
- Situation
- Interaction - both situation and personality
What is good Leadership correlated with?
- High Intelligence
- Better physique
- More talkativeness
- Higher extraversion
- Higher need for dominance
What is Fiedler’s Contingency Theory?
Effective leadership is contingent upon the situation at hand.
The interaction between type of leader and situational control is key
What are the two types of leaders in Interaction Leadership?
- Relationship-oriented
- Task-oriented
What are the characteristics of a relationship-oriented leader?
- Relaxed, friendly and non-directive
- Favourably inclined towards co-workers even if performance is poorly
What are the characteristics of a task-oriented leader?
- Authoritarian
- Value group success over the relationship of the group
- Not favourably inclined towards co-workers if they are performing poorly
What are the three components that situational control depend on?
- Quality of leader-member relations (poor or good)
- Clarity of task structure (structure or unstuctured)
- Intrinsic power/authority of leader (strong/high or low/weak)
What are the components of high situational control?
- Good relations
- Structured task
- High power
What are the components of how situational control?
- Poor relations
- Unstructured task
- Low power
Who makes the most successful leadership?
- Task-oriented leaders who are either high or low in situational control
- Relationship-oriented leaders who are moderate in situational control
What is the focus of transformational leadership
Focuses on the way that a leader transforms group goals and actions mainly via charisma
What are the 5 dimensions that are important to transformational leadership?
- Challenge the process - search for opportunity to change status quo, experiment and take risks, accepts disappointments as learning
- Inspire a shared vision - Believe they can make a difference, enlist others in dream team
- Enable others to act - Foster collabs, builds team spirit, trust enironement, and make others feel powerful and capable
- Model the way - establish principles, set small goals for larger objectives
5.. Encourage the heart - keep hopes up, recognise contributions and celebrate accomplishments
What are the 5 dimensions that are important to transformational leadership?
- Challenge the process - search for opportunity to change status quo, experiment and take risks, accepts disappointments as learning
- Inspire a shared vision - Believe they can make a difference, enlist others in dream team
- Enable others to act - Foster collabs, builds team spirit, trust environment, and make others feel powerful and capable
- Model the way - establish principles, set small goals for larger objectives
5.. Encourage the heart - keep hopes up, recognise contributions and celebrate accomplishments
What are the 5 dimensions that are important to transformational leadership?
- Challenge the process - search for an opportunity to change status quo, experiment and take risks, accepts disappointments as learning
- Inspire a shared vision - Believe they can make a difference, enlist others in dream team
- Enable others to act - Foster collabs, builds team spirit, trust environment, and make others feel powerful and capable
- Model the way - establish principles, set small goals for larger objectives
5.. Encourage the heart - keep hopes up, recognise contributions and celebrate accomplishments
