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Social and Cultural Psychology > Attitudes > Flashcards

Attitudes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the key aspects of Attitude

A

Permanence
Evaluation of socially significant objects
organised hypothetical construct

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2
Q

What is the definition of attitude?

A

A mental and neural state of readiness organised through experiences

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3
Q

What are the two different types of attitudes?

A

Explicit and Implicit Attitudes

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4
Q

Define explicit attitude?

A

Attitudes that we are consciously aware of. E.g Positive attitude towards vaccines and negative attitudes against snake, rude people

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5
Q

What is implicit attitude?

A

Attitudes that we are not consciously aware of (unaware of attitude). E.g someone saying the accept all races, yet when seated next to one, has fear ect

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the Tripartite model of attitude?

A
  • It helps us understand the connections that we make to form our attitudes
  • Explains how our affects, behaviors, and cognition contribute to our attitudes
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7
Q

What are the three components of the Tripartite Model of Attitude?

A
  1. Affective - How an object, event, issue, or person makes you feel
  2. Behavioural - How you attitude influences your behaviour
  3. Cognitive - Your thoughts and beliefs about a subject
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8
Q

How do attitudes vary?

A

They Vary in
1. Valence: Positive (Intrinsic/goodness) or Negative (averseness/bad)
- Ambivalent - climate change still own normal car but care about climate change
2. Complexity: Simple or Complex
3. Strength: Weak or Strong

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9
Q

How do we measure attitudes?

A
  • Explicit Attitudes - Self Reporting such as scale reporting (strongly agree/strongly disagree to a set of attitude items and researcher sums the score)
  • Implicit Attitudes - Implicit Attitude Test (IAT) (measures the strength of association between concept and evaluation, asked to sort words, response timed, and associations that rapid reflect the person’s attitude e.g quick to answer Q on white person -> positive attitude as appose to a black person slower)
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10
Q

What are the 3 behavioral explanations for attitudes?

A
  1. Mere exposure effect
  2. Classical conditioning
  3. Instrumental/Operant conditioning
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11
Q

Explain Mere exposure effect?

A

When a preference for things is developed because of familiarity

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12
Q

What are the 2 cognitive explanations for attitide?

A
  1. Self-Perception Theory
  2. Cognitive Algebra
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13
Q

What is Self-perception theory?

A

A conclusion people create about their own attitudes based on their behavior. (Behaviour shapes attitudes)

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14
Q

What is cognitive algebra?

A

The approach to study impression formation focusing on how people combine attributes that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression

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15
Q

What are the three models of cognitive algebra?

A
  1. Summation - forming impression by summing valence
  2. Averaging - forming impression by cumulative average
  3. Weighted average - weighting in first then forming an impression
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16
Q

What are the social explanations for attitude?

A
  1. Social Learning/Modelling - e.g parents/teachers/peers
  2. Social Identity and Groups
17
Q

What is the definition of ideologies?

A

An integrated and coherent set of attitudes. (a worldviev)
Also known as a shared cognitive framework for interpreting the environment or society `

18
Q

Ideologies are….

A
  1. A set of goals for society
  2. Ways to attain these goals
19
Q

What are the ideologies of Conservatives?

A
  1. Intolerance of ambiguity
  2. Need for order and structure
  3. Cognitive rigidity
20
Q

What are the ideologies of Progressives?

A
  1. Tolerant of ambiguity
  2. Open to experience
  3. Cognitive complexity
21
Q

What are the aspects of values?

A
  1. They are global and abstract principles
  2. judgments as to what is proper, ideal, and desirable
22
Q

What is values?

A

Standards that guide our conduct in a variety of ways
AND
Employed to evaluate and judge other and ourselves

23
Q

Do attitudes predict behaviour?

A

It should but often does not

24
Q

What is the LaPiere 1934 study?

A

The researcher took chiense couple to hotel anf they were only refused entre to one hotel and 6 month later sent a letter to hotels asking if they will have a Chinese couple and 92% said no but still housed the couple.

25
Q

What are the methodological factors of why attitudes do not always predict behaviour?

A

Specificity
Aggregation

26
Q

What did Davidson and Jacard 1979 predict on womens attitudes on birth control?

A

The more specefic item asked the more stronger the correlation gets
e.g
- Attiudes towards birth control: r = 0.8 (WEAK CORRELATION, LESS DETALS)
- Attitudes towads birth conrtol pills: r = 0.32
- Attitudes towards using birth control pills: r = 0.53
- Attitues towards using birth control pills during the next 2 years: r = .57 (STRONG CORRELATION WITH MORE SPECEFIC DETAILS)

27
Q

What is specificity?

A

The need to measure attitudes and beahiours at a similar level of specificity e.g the birth control study by Davidson and Jacard

28
Q

Do attitudes towards saving the environment predict recycling behaviour?

A

No, our attitudes do not predict our recycling behavioiur

28
Q

What is aggregation known as?

A

measuring multiple behaviours which look at correlations

29
Q

Recycling behaviour by Weigl and Newman 1976 predicted that..

A
  1. Correlations between attitudes and a single behaviour = low/average correlation r = 0.29
  2. Correlations between attitudes and aggregated behaviour = higher correlation r = 0.62
30
Q

What are the personal factors that affect our attitudes?

A
  1. They may have several competing/relevant attitudes
  2. Might be motivated by other needs
  3. Might not see the link between attitudes and given behaiours
  4. The cost of behaviour might be excessive
31
Q

What are the social factors that affect our attitudes?

A
  1. Real/implied presence of others has an effect
  2. Social norms might overide attitudes
  3. No other alternative behaviour available
  4. Unforseen circumstances altering behaviour
32
Q

What is the Theory of Reasoned Action? TRA Fishbein and Azjen 1975

A

Examines the links between attitudes and behaviours

33
Q

What are the components included in Theory of Reason Action?

A
  1. Attitudes towards the behaviour - how strong are our attitudes towards something
  2. Subjective norm - How much pressure you feel from others to behaviour in a certain way
  3. Behavioural intentions - combine the first two a cognitive representation
  4. Behaviour
34
Q

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour? TPB Azjen 1985

A

How we link our belief to behaviours
AND
assumes that we have contol over our behaviours

Social and Cultural Psychology (6 decks)

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