social influence Flashcards
when did Asch’s study take place
1951 and 1956
what are the 3 things Asch’s study lacks in the case of generalise ability
temporal validity
androcentric (123)
ethnocentric Swarthmore college Pennsylvania
what is a participant issue with Asch’s study
all male students
what is a strength of reliability in Asch’s study?
standardised procedures
what is are the examples of Standardised procedures in Asch’s study?
confederates answered 12/18 questions wrong
real pt sat 6th in a row of 7
there we 6 confederates
Pt’s were told it was a test of perception
How is the research from Asch’s study practically applied to real life?
Jurors are now warned of conformity so they don’t feel social pressure when they make their own decisions
when did Zimbardo’s study take place
1973
where did the Zimbardo study take place
Stanford university
what are the 2 things Asch’s study lacks in the case of generalise ability
Temporal validity
androcentric (21 males)
what are the examples of standard procedures in Zimbardo’s study
arrested from homes
guards uniform: reflective sunglasses and baton
prisoners made to where smocks
prisoners had no name and referred to as a number
why does Zimbardo’s study lack ecological validity?
the time proposed to be taken for the study was only 2 weeks
the prison was an artificial environment therefore not as an extreme situation
what type of validity does the Zimbardo study have?
internal
how can zimbardo’s research be practically applied
shows that behaviour is due to the situation no the individual
some psychologists argued that behaviour in prisons is due to the bad people inside it
Zimbardo showed that when a person is deindividualized (number instead of name) they act in a different way to them selves and have less control (stereotype)
so people can act in more aggressive ways
e.g. guards becoming mentally abusive to prisoners
when did milgram’s study take place
1965
where did the original study take place in the milgram study
Yale university
where were the sample of people in the milgram study from
New Haven
how old were the people in the milgram study
20-50
what are the 3 variables in the milgram study
no uniform
location
proximity
what were the 3 sub variables and % obedience’s of proximity in the milgram study
learner in the same room 40%
examiner leaving the room 20%
holding down the hand 30%
what was the percentage of obedience of changing the location of the study in milgrams study
48%
yale to run down office
what was the percentage of obedience for no uniform in the milgram study
20%
no lab coat normal clothes
what were the 3 variables in Asch’s study?
difficulty of task
size of majority
unanimity
what were the percentages of conformity for different sizes of majority in the Asch study?
1 confederates 3%
3 confederates 33%
4 confederates 35% optimum
to many confederates lead to a decrease in conformity due to demand characteristics
what are the 2 explanations of conformity
NSI and ISI
who’s research supports both explanations of conformity
Asch’s
why does the research on explanations of conformity lack ecological validity
lab
not day to day task x line compared to 3 others
give an example of day to day life
the more comfortable you are in a setting the less likely you’ll conform
what is a theoretical issue of explanations of conformity
may be down to personality differences
e.g some people are generally more or less confident in their beliefs
had to generalise
what are the 2 things milgram’s study lacks in the case of generaliseability
androcentric (40 males)
ethnocentric
can’t universally represent
what is are the examples of Standardised procedures in milgrims study?
use of prods to get the Pt’s to continue
“the experiment requires you to continue”
2 confederates 1 learner 1 experimenter
fixed straw to who the learner is
what validity does milgrams study lack and why
external/ecological
lab artificial
not day to day to be given/giving shocks to people
what and who made observations were against Milgrams study
ORNE AND HOLLAND
lacks experimental realism as Pt’s could have been showing demand characteristics as didn’t really believe they were shocking someone
this lowers the validity of the results
who observed milgrims study
Orne and Holland
what are binding factors
commitment to a figure of authority
what is moral strain
observable discomfort or stress when going against your conscious
what is the autonomous state
when you feel in control of your actions and your responsibility
what are the situational explanations of obiedence
agentic state
legitimacy of authority
who’s research supports the agentic state and why
Milgram
pt’s after interviewing said they felt binding factors towards the examiner
pt’s were observed during the experiment to be alleviating moral strain by shifting responsibility to the learner
who’s research supports the legitimacy of authority and why
Milgram
variables or the og study
no uniform
what is one theoretical issue with situational explanations for obedience
provides an ‘obedience alibi’ for groups of people who have done terrible things
e.g. the nazi party
what is a practical application of situational explanations of obedience
can explain behaviour of groups of people who have done terrible things such as the Nazi party to prevent such war crimes from happening again
people are now more educated on the power of hierarchy (leaders, soldiers, police) and the effect they can have
what is the dispositional explanation of obedience
authoritarian personality
what research supports the dispositional explanation of obedience
Milgram and Elms
why does milgram and elms research support the dispositional explanation of obedience
sample from og study who fully obeyed (20)
scored significantly higher on the F-scale than those in the original study that didn’t obey
what alternative theory could better support an explanation of obedience
Situational explanation
agentic state links to milgrams variables of the og study as they played a part in the more or less likely someone can enter the state
(give the 3 examples)
who’s research proposed a theoretical issue in the dispositional explanation of obedience
Middendrop and Meloen
what did Middendrop’s and Meloen’s research show
that if someone’s level of education is lower their obedience tends to be higher
what are the two explanations of resistance to SI
social support
Locus of control
what is social support?
when the minority group is given an ally who also disagrees with the majority
what research supports social support as an explanation to resistance of SI
Asch’s variable of the original study
when unanimity is broken by 1 of the confederates conformity drops from 37% to 5.5%
what is an alternate explanation to social support
Internal LOC focus more on factors of someone’s personality which showcases their ability to resist
how is social support practically applied to real life
after knowing research people can avoid the situations that cause negative social influence by finding someone who also goes against the majority
(give an example)
what are the applications of both types of LOC
internal are more likely to resist as feel more responsible and in control of their own actions compared to External
therefore people can be trained to behave more like INTERNAL to stop mindless obeying
what alternative explanation may seem better of explaining resistance to SI then LOC
Social support
collectivist vs individual cultures?
who observed the LOC theory
Rutter
what can be implied from Rutter’s observations of LOC for explaining resistance to SI
resistance to social change is exaggerated
as only naturally occurs in novel situations
when there is no previous experience (no familiarity so don’t know how to act)
as they are less confident and comfortable
what are the 3 factors for minority influence?
consistency
commitment
flexibility
who’s research supports both minority influence and social change?
Moscovici
why does Moscovici’s research support minority influence and social change
8.4% conformity when confederates were consistent with their view
when inconsistent 1.3%
what is wrong with Moscovici’s research when supporting minority influence and social change
lab experiment
only 172 females so cant be generalised
the groups did not reflect real life and were not passionate about which colours were correct
task didn’t reflect real life
what power does the theory for minority influence lack and why?
explanatory power
IRL groups are vary different to Pt’s (give examples of groups)
IRL groups face more determined opposition
IRL groups show social support and know each other
therefor the research is not representative and cannot be universally generalised
how is the theory of minority influence practically applied
Christianity was flexible with their beliefs
included the virgin birth from the majority Egyptian religion of the time
theory can predict
what is social change
when a societies beliefs and behaviours develop over time to except new norms
what other factor is included in social change and not in minority influence
snowball effect
when an individual often of high status from the majority agree with the minorities cause
why can social change be described as hollistic
it includes multiple factors (examples of factors)
which have been used/shown in modern times e.g gay rights
