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Psychology paper 1 > social influence > Flashcards

social influence Flashcards

1
Q

when did Asch’s study take place

A

1951 and 1956

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2
Q

what are the 3 things Asch’s study lacks in the case of generalise ability

A

temporal validity
androcentric (123)
ethnocentric Swarthmore college Pennsylvania

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3
Q

what is a participant issue with Asch’s study

A

all male students

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4
Q

what is a strength of reliability in Asch’s study?

A

standardised procedures

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5
Q

what is are the examples of Standardised procedures in Asch’s study?

A

confederates answered 12/18 questions wrong
real pt sat 6th in a row of 7
there we 6 confederates
Pt’s were told it was a test of perception

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6
Q

How is the research from Asch’s study practically applied to real life?

A

Jurors are now warned of conformity so they don’t feel social pressure when they make their own decisions

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7
Q

when did Zimbardo’s study take place

A

1973

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8
Q

where did the Zimbardo study take place

A

Stanford university

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9
Q

what are the 2 things Asch’s study lacks in the case of generalise ability

A

Temporal validity

androcentric (21 males)

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10
Q

what are the examples of standard procedures in Zimbardo’s study

A

arrested from homes
guards uniform: reflective sunglasses and baton
prisoners made to where smocks
prisoners had no name and referred to as a number

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11
Q

why does Zimbardo’s study lack ecological validity?

A

the time proposed to be taken for the study was only 2 weeks

the prison was an artificial environment therefore not as an extreme situation

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12
Q

what type of validity does the Zimbardo study have?

A

internal

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13
Q

how can zimbardo’s research be practically applied

A

shows that behaviour is due to the situation no the individual
some psychologists argued that behaviour in prisons is due to the bad people inside it
Zimbardo showed that when a person is deindividualized (number instead of name) they act in a different way to them selves and have less control (stereotype)
so people can act in more aggressive ways
e.g. guards becoming mentally abusive to prisoners

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14
Q

when did milgram’s study take place

A

1965

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15
Q

where did the original study take place in the milgram study

A

Yale university

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16
Q

where were the sample of people in the milgram study from

A

New Haven

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17
Q

how old were the people in the milgram study

A

20-50

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18
Q

what are the 3 variables in the milgram study

A

no uniform
location
proximity

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19
Q

what were the 3 sub variables and % obedience’s of proximity in the milgram study

A

learner in the same room 40%
examiner leaving the room 20%
holding down the hand 30%

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20
Q

what was the percentage of obedience of changing the location of the study in milgrams study

A

48%

yale to run down office

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21
Q

what was the percentage of obedience for no uniform in the milgram study

A

20%

no lab coat normal clothes

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22
Q

what were the 3 variables in Asch’s study?

A

difficulty of task
size of majority
unanimity

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23
Q

what were the percentages of conformity for different sizes of majority in the Asch study?

A

1 confederates 3%
3 confederates 33%
4 confederates 35% optimum
to many confederates lead to a decrease in conformity due to demand characteristics

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24
Q

what are the 2 explanations of conformity

A

NSI and ISI

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25
Q

who’s research supports both explanations of conformity

A

Asch’s

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26
Q

why does the research on explanations of conformity lack ecological validity

A

lab
not day to day task x line compared to 3 others
give an example of day to day life
the more comfortable you are in a setting the less likely you’ll conform

27
Q

what is a theoretical issue of explanations of conformity

A

may be down to personality differences
e.g some people are generally more or less confident in their beliefs
had to generalise

28
Q

what are the 2 things milgram’s study lacks in the case of generaliseability

A

androcentric (40 males)
ethnocentric
can’t universally represent

29
Q

what is are the examples of Standardised procedures in milgrims study?

A

use of prods to get the Pt’s to continue
“the experiment requires you to continue”
2 confederates 1 learner 1 experimenter
fixed straw to who the learner is

30
Q

what validity does milgrams study lack and why

A

external/ecological
lab artificial
not day to day to be given/giving shocks to people

31
Q

what and who made observations were against Milgrams study

A

ORNE AND HOLLAND

lacks experimental realism as Pt’s could have been showing demand characteristics as didn’t really believe they were shocking someone
this lowers the validity of the results

32
Q

who observed milgrims study

A

Orne and Holland

33
Q

what are binding factors

A

commitment to a figure of authority

34
Q

what is moral strain

A

observable discomfort or stress when going against your conscious

35
Q

what is the autonomous state

A

when you feel in control of your actions and your responsibility

36
Q

what are the situational explanations of obiedence

A

agentic state

legitimacy of authority

37
Q

who’s research supports the agentic state and why

A

Milgram
pt’s after interviewing said they felt binding factors towards the examiner
pt’s were observed during the experiment to be alleviating moral strain by shifting responsibility to the learner

38
Q

who’s research supports the legitimacy of authority and why

A

Milgram
variables or the og study
no uniform

39
Q

what is one theoretical issue with situational explanations for obedience

A

provides an ‘obedience alibi’ for groups of people who have done terrible things
e.g. the nazi party

40
Q

what is a practical application of situational explanations of obedience

A

can explain behaviour of groups of people who have done terrible things such as the Nazi party to prevent such war crimes from happening again
people are now more educated on the power of hierarchy (leaders, soldiers, police) and the effect they can have

41
Q

what is the dispositional explanation of obedience

A

authoritarian personality

42
Q

what research supports the dispositional explanation of obedience

A

Milgram and Elms

43
Q

why does milgram and elms research support the dispositional explanation of obedience

A

sample from og study who fully obeyed (20)

scored significantly higher on the F-scale than those in the original study that didn’t obey

44
Q

what alternative theory could better support an explanation of obedience

A

Situational explanation
agentic state links to milgrams variables of the og study as they played a part in the more or less likely someone can enter the state
(give the 3 examples)

45
Q

who’s research proposed a theoretical issue in the dispositional explanation of obedience

A

Middendrop and Meloen

46
Q

what did Middendrop’s and Meloen’s research show

A

that if someone’s level of education is lower their obedience tends to be higher

47
Q

what are the two explanations of resistance to SI

A

social support

Locus of control

48
Q

what is social support?

A

when the minority group is given an ally who also disagrees with the majority

49
Q

what research supports social support as an explanation to resistance of SI

A

Asch’s variable of the original study

when unanimity is broken by 1 of the confederates conformity drops from 37% to 5.5%

50
Q

what is an alternate explanation to social support

A

Internal LOC focus more on factors of someone’s personality which showcases their ability to resist

51
Q

how is social support practically applied to real life

A

after knowing research people can avoid the situations that cause negative social influence by finding someone who also goes against the majority
(give an example)

52
Q

what are the applications of both types of LOC

A

internal are more likely to resist as feel more responsible and in control of their own actions compared to External
therefore people can be trained to behave more like INTERNAL to stop mindless obeying

53
Q

what alternative explanation may seem better of explaining resistance to SI then LOC

A

Social support

collectivist vs individual cultures?

54
Q

who observed the LOC theory

A

Rutter

55
Q

what can be implied from Rutter’s observations of LOC for explaining resistance to SI

A

resistance to social change is exaggerated

as only naturally occurs in novel situations
when there is no previous experience (no familiarity so don’t know how to act)

as they are less confident and comfortable

56
Q

what are the 3 factors for minority influence?

A

consistency
commitment
flexibility

57
Q

who’s research supports both minority influence and social change?

A

Moscovici

58
Q

why does Moscovici’s research support minority influence and social change

A

8.4% conformity when confederates were consistent with their view
when inconsistent 1.3%

59
Q

what is wrong with Moscovici’s research when supporting minority influence and social change

A

lab experiment
only 172 females so cant be generalised
the groups did not reflect real life and were not passionate about which colours were correct
task didn’t reflect real life

60
Q

what power does the theory for minority influence lack and why?

A

explanatory power
IRL groups are vary different to Pt’s (give examples of groups)
IRL groups face more determined opposition
IRL groups show social support and know each other
therefor the research is not representative and cannot be universally generalised

61
Q

how is the theory of minority influence practically applied

A

Christianity was flexible with their beliefs
included the virgin birth from the majority Egyptian religion of the time

theory can predict

62
Q

what is social change

A

when a societies beliefs and behaviours develop over time to except new norms

63
Q

what other factor is included in social change and not in minority influence

A

snowball effect

when an individual often of high status from the majority agree with the minorities cause

64
Q

why can social change be described as hollistic

A

it includes multiple factors (examples of factors)

which have been used/shown in modern times e.g gay rights

Psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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