memory Flashcards
who developed the MSM?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
who developed the WMM?
Baddeley and Hitch
what experiment supports the MSM?
Glanzer and Cunitz 30 word recall after learnt beginning LTM middle decayed end STM
what case study supports the MSM?
HM
epilepsy= temporal lobes removed
since surgery unable to form new long term memories but STM stayed normal but couldn’t transfer between them
what study supports the CE in memory?
Bunge
FMRI and dual task increased activity as increase attention demand
what study supports the VSS in memory?
Brookes
visualise a letter
asked q’s
respond either verbally tapping or pointing
what study supports the PL in memory?
Baddeley
short vs long words
what study supports the EB in memory
Al-Khalifa
impaired ltm patient can store 25 items in stm
what study supports the idea of interference forgetting?
Underwood
more nonsense previously learnt more likely to inhibit new
what study supports the idea of cue dependant forgetting?
Godden and Baddeley
18 divers
36 2-3 syllable words learnt in different spaces
What is the duration of the sensory memory
0.5 seconds
what is the capacity of the sensory memory
unlimited
what is the encoding of the sensory memory
visual
audio
touch
taste
how does information transfer between Sensory memory and STM
by paying attention
what is the duration of the STM
18-30s
what is the capacity of STM
7 +/- 2 items
what is the encoding of the STM
acoustically
how is information retained in the STM
maintenance rehearsal
how is information transferred from STM to LTM
elaborate rehearsal
how is information transfered to the STM from LTM
retreival
how is information lost in the MSM
decay in SM
displacement in STM
what is the duration of the LTM
a lifetime
what is the capacity of the LTM
unlimited
what is the encoding of the LTM
semantically
In the WMM what is the CE and what does it do
delegates tasks to slave systems
allocates limited resources giving priority to tasks
cannot store information
what does the WMM describe
multiple subunits of the STM
In the WMM what is the VSS and what does it do
deals with what things look like and their layout compared to other items
what are the two areas of the VSS
Visual cache
inner scribe
what is the role of the two areas of the VSS
VC stores visual information
I.S. records arrangement of objects in a field
In the WMM what is the PL and what does it do
deals with auditory information preserving the order of the information
what are the two areas of the PL
Phonological store
articulatory control system
what are the roles of the two areas of the PL
PS holds words
ACS rehearsal of verbal information
In the WMM what is the EB and what does it do
- sorts information from systems into one structure/episode
- acts as storage for CE
-transfers information to LTM
what are the 3 types of LTM
semantic
procedural
episodic
who suggested the 3 types of LTM
Tulving
what is semantic memory of the LTM
stores factual information such as word meanings or general knowledge
(give an example)
what is procedural memory of the LTM
knowing how to do things such as our motor skills
what is episodic memory of the LTM
stores information about events involving conscious thoughts of time and place
what is the strongest type of LTM
Procedural as it lasts the longest
what is proactive interference
old interferes new
what is retroactive interference
new interferes old
when does interference occur
when memories are similar
what does the cue dependant forgetting theory suggest
that when cues during encoding are not present during recall causes forgetting
what is a memory trace
a laid down and retained memory state from the original perception of an event including the surroundings
what does a memory trace act as
a retrieval cue
what is a retrieval cue
a piece of information in an individuals cognitive environment at the time of encoding that matches recall
who suggested the encoding specificity principle
tulving
what is the encoding specificity principle
the greater the similarity between encoding and recall event the increased likelihood of remembering the original memory
what are the three types of cues
context
state
organisational
what is a context cue
an external cue of the environment at the point of encoding
what research supports context cues
Godden and Baddeley
18 divers
what is a state cue
an internal cue of the mental environment at the point of encoding
what research supports state cues
Overton
what is an organisational cue
a category cue that places a memory in association to other cues within a category such as topics in psychology
what is an EWT
recollection of an event by a witness after significant time has passed
what are the 3 factors that effect EWT
misleading questions
post-event discussion
anxiety of event
what is a misleading information
incorrect information given after the event to a EW that effects recall
what is a leading question
information that influences an individual to change their memory to give a desired answer
e.g. suggesting something did happen
what researcher supports Misleading Q’s as a factor affecting recall
Loftus and palmer
what research weakens misleading questions as a factor affecting recall
Yuille and Cutshall
what are the 3 ways post event discussion can affect recall of an EWT
retroactive interference/ media coverage
conformity (ISI and NSI)
Repeated interviewing
what research supports post-event discussion as a factor effecting EWT
Gabbert
what may increase anxiety
threat or violence during an event that causes a higher state of arousal
what is Yerkes-dodson law
extreme stress limits recall
to low stress limits recall
moderate stress increases recall
what is the weapons focus effect
where an EW or victim has limited recall due to focusing on central details of a threat e.g. a gun
causing tunnel vision as they cannot recall anything else surrounding the event
what research supports weapon focus effect
loftus and burns
what research supports anxiety affecting EWT
Johnson and Scott
what research weakens anxiety affecting EWT
Deffenbacher
what is the cognitive interview
interview technique to improve recall of original memory to increase the reliability of the EWT using retrieval strategies
who developed the CI
Fischer and Gieselman
what are the 4 retrieval stratergies of CI
recall everything they can remember in detail
context reinstatement (mentally or physically taking a person back to place of encoding)
recall in reverse (prevents dishonesty)
recall from another perspective
why in the CI do they use recall in reverse order
to prevent dishonesty and use of schemas
Primary and recency effect as middle information is lost only memory from stm and ltm recalled
what is the hierarchal network model
memories form a network so by reporting everything will trigger multiple cues that increase the detail of the event
why does CI use recall in different perspectives
removes schemas
