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Psychology paper 1 > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

who developed the MSM?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin

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2
Q

who developed the WMM?

A

Baddeley and Hitch

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3
Q

what experiment supports the MSM?

A 
Glanzer and Cunitz 
30 word recall after learnt 
beginning LTM
middle decayed
end STM
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4
Q

what case study supports the MSM?

A

HM
epilepsy= temporal lobes removed
since surgery unable to form new long term memories but STM stayed normal but couldn’t transfer between them

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5
Q

what study supports the CE in memory?

A

Bunge

FMRI and dual task increased activity as increase attention demand

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6
Q

what study supports the VSS in memory?

A

Brookes
visualise a letter
asked q’s
respond either verbally tapping or pointing

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7
Q

what study supports the PL in memory?

A

Baddeley

short vs long words

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8
Q

what study supports the EB in memory

A

Al-Khalifa

impaired ltm patient can store 25 items in stm

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9
Q

what study supports the idea of interference forgetting?

A

Underwood

more nonsense previously learnt more likely to inhibit new

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10
Q

what study supports the idea of cue dependant forgetting?

A

Godden and Baddeley
18 divers
36 2-3 syllable words learnt in different spaces

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11
Q

What is the duration of the sensory memory

A

0.5 seconds

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12
Q

what is the capacity of the sensory memory

A

unlimited

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13
Q

what is the encoding of the sensory memory

A

visual
audio
touch
taste

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14
Q

how does information transfer between Sensory memory and STM

A

by paying attention

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15
Q

what is the duration of the STM

A

18-30s

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16
Q

what is the capacity of STM

A

7 +/- 2 items

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17
Q

what is the encoding of the STM

A

acoustically

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18
Q

how is information retained in the STM

A

maintenance rehearsal

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19
Q

how is information transferred from STM to LTM

A

elaborate rehearsal

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20
Q

how is information transfered to the STM from LTM

A

retreival

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21
Q

how is information lost in the MSM

A

decay in SM
displacement in STM

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22
Q

what is the duration of the LTM

A

a lifetime

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23
Q

what is the capacity of the LTM

A

unlimited

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24
Q

what is the encoding of the LTM

A

semantically

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25
Q

In the WMM what is the CE and what does it do

A

delegates tasks to slave systems
allocates limited resources giving priority to tasks
cannot store information

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26
Q

what does the WMM describe

A

multiple subunits of the STM

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27
Q

In the WMM what is the VSS and what does it do

A

deals with what things look like and their layout compared to other items

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28
Q

what are the two areas of the VSS

A

Visual cache
inner scribe

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29
Q

what is the role of the two areas of the VSS

A

VC stores visual information

I.S. records arrangement of objects in a field

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30
Q

In the WMM what is the PL and what does it do

A

deals with auditory information preserving the order of the information

31
Q

what are the two areas of the PL

A

Phonological store

articulatory control system

32
Q

what are the roles of the two areas of the PL

A

PS holds words

ACS rehearsal of verbal information

33
Q

In the WMM what is the EB and what does it do

A
  • sorts information from systems into one structure/episode
  • acts as storage for CE
    -transfers information to LTM
34
Q

what are the 3 types of LTM

A

semantic
procedural
episodic

35
Q

who suggested the 3 types of LTM

A

Tulving

36
Q

what is semantic memory of the LTM

A

stores factual information such as word meanings or general knowledge

(give an example)

37
Q

what is procedural memory of the LTM

A

knowing how to do things such as our motor skills

38
Q

what is episodic memory of the LTM

A

stores information about events involving conscious thoughts of time and place

39
Q

what is the strongest type of LTM

A

Procedural as it lasts the longest

40
Q

what is proactive interference

A

old interferes new

41
Q

what is retroactive interference

A

new interferes old

42
Q

when does interference occur

A

when memories are similar

43
Q

what does the cue dependant forgetting theory suggest

A

that when cues during encoding are not present during recall causes forgetting

44
Q

what is a memory trace

A

a laid down and retained memory state from the original perception of an event including the surroundings

45
Q

what does a memory trace act as

A

a retrieval cue

46
Q

what is a retrieval cue

A

a piece of information in an individuals cognitive environment at the time of encoding that matches recall

47
Q

who suggested the encoding specificity principle

A

tulving

48
Q

what is the encoding specificity principle

A

the greater the similarity between encoding and recall event the increased likelihood of remembering the original memory

49
Q

what are the three types of cues

A

context

state

organisational

50
Q

what is a context cue

A

an external cue of the environment at the point of encoding

51
Q

what research supports context cues

A

Godden and Baddeley

18 divers

52
Q

what is a state cue

A

an internal cue of the mental environment at the point of encoding

53
Q

what research supports state cues

A

Overton

54
Q

what is an organisational cue

A

a category cue that places a memory in association to other cues within a category such as topics in psychology

55
Q

what is an EWT

A

recollection of an event by a witness after significant time has passed

56
Q

what are the 3 factors that effect EWT

A

misleading questions
post-event discussion
anxiety of event

57
Q

what is a misleading information

A

incorrect information given after the event to a EW that effects recall

58
Q

what is a leading question

A

information that influences an individual to change their memory to give a desired answer

e.g. suggesting something did happen

59
Q

what researcher supports Misleading Q’s as a factor affecting recall

A

Loftus and palmer

60
Q

what research weakens misleading questions as a factor affecting recall

A

Yuille and Cutshall

61
Q

what are the 3 ways post event discussion can affect recall of an EWT

A

retroactive interference/ media coverage

conformity (ISI and NSI)

Repeated interviewing

62
Q

what research supports post-event discussion as a factor effecting EWT

A

Gabbert

63
Q

what may increase anxiety

A

threat or violence during an event that causes a higher state of arousal

64
Q

what is Yerkes-dodson law

A

extreme stress limits recall

to low stress limits recall

moderate stress increases recall

65
Q

what is the weapons focus effect

A

where an EW or victim has limited recall due to focusing on central details of a threat e.g. a gun

causing tunnel vision as they cannot recall anything else surrounding the event

66
Q

what research supports weapon focus effect

A

loftus and burns

67
Q

what research supports anxiety affecting EWT

A

Johnson and Scott

68
Q

what research weakens anxiety affecting EWT

A

Deffenbacher

69
Q

what is the cognitive interview

A

interview technique to improve recall of original memory to increase the reliability of the EWT using retrieval strategies

70
Q

who developed the CI

A

Fischer and Gieselman

71
Q

what are the 4 retrieval stratergies of CI

A

recall everything they can remember in detail

context reinstatement (mentally or physically taking a person back to place of encoding)

recall in reverse (prevents dishonesty)

recall from another perspective

72
Q

why in the CI do they use recall in reverse order

A

to prevent dishonesty and use of schemas

Primary and recency effect as middle information is lost only memory from stm and ltm recalled

73
Q

what is the hierarchal network model

A

memories form a network so by reporting everything will trigger multiple cues that increase the detail of the event

74
Q

why does CI use recall in different perspectives

A

removes schemas

Psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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