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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two examples of caregiver-infant interactions in humans

A

interactional synchrony

reciprocity

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2
Q

what research supports reciprocity between caregiver-infant interactions

A

Still face
Tronik
after 3 minutes of attempted interaction the infant begins to turn their body away in distress

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3
Q

what research supports interactional synchrony in caregiver-infant interactions

A

Meltzoff and Moore
6 babies 12-27 days old
12 babies 16-21 days old
shown facial gestures(tongue) and manual gestures(finger)
from 12 days old babies can imitate behaviour which shows it is a key behaviour from birth

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4
Q

how is the still faced experiment Practically applied

A

measure atypical behaviour if no distress shown suggest something is wrong with the relationship or babies mental processing so accurate help can be put in place to help development

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5
Q

what is a negative of the research in which supports caregiver-infant interactions

A

socially sensitive

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6
Q

what are the 4 stages of attachment?

A

asocial 0-5 weeks
indiscriminate 6 weeks to 7 months
specific 7-11 months
multiple +11 months

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7
Q

who’s research supports the stages of attachment?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

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8
Q

why does schaffer and emerson’s work support the stages of attachment

A

7 months = 29% of children had more that 1 attachment
10 months = 50%
18 months = 87%

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9
Q

what is the methodological issue with Schaffer and Emerson’s study

A

conducted in their own homes so acted more comfortable or differently to make themselves appear better

limited sample of 60

ethnocentric (Scotland) therefore individualistic culture

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10
Q

how can the stages of attachment be practically applied?

A

infants behaviour can be measured to check for abnormalities in infancy development so early diagnosis to aid development

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11
Q

a problem with the types of stages of attachment is that its culturally specific why?

A

taken place in individual culture so immediate family set up

in collectivistic cultures children are brought up by the community so may not reflect these stages

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12
Q

what are the stages of attachment by schaffer and emerson?

A

asocial
indiscriminate
multiple
specific

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13
Q

what was the role of the father

A

to go out and work to provide for the family so minimal time was spent in bringing up the children by the father as it was the role of the mother as they go through child birth

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14
Q

what is the modern day role of the father

A

10% fathers are now stay at home whilst mother works

9% fathers are single parents

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15
Q

what factors effect the role of a father to a child?

A

interaction, accessibility and responsibility

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16
Q

what love hormone is found in both women and MEN

A

Oxytocine

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17
Q

what did Frodi’s research suggest about the role of the father?

A

there is no physiological difference between response of mother and father when watching videos of a crying child (measured via brain scans) so differences in gender roles are not biological

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18
Q

what did Geiger’s research suggest about the role of the father?

A

there are different roles during play
mothers are more caring and nurturing
fathers are more exciting

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19
Q

what did Hrdy’s research suggest about the role of the father?

A

that fathers are unable to detect low levels of infant distress like mothers so aren’t suitable to be the primary caregiver

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20
Q

what did Lamb’s research suggest about the role of the father?

A

fathers who became primary caregivers became more sensitive to the children’s needs

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21
Q

who’s research suggests the role of the father is complementary to the mother

A

Geiger

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22
Q

what is wrong with the conclusions of research into the role of the father?

A

they are socially sensitive

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23
Q

What are the practical applications of the role of the father?

A

Outline Frodi’s research
as their is no difference shared maternity leave can now be taken
the primary breadwinner doesn’t have to be the father and the mother can return to work

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24
Q

how is the research into role of the father Ethnocentric?

A

research is taken place in individualistic cultures

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25
Q

what did Lorenz conduct his study on

A

Goslings

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26
Q

what did Harlow conduct his study on

A

Rhesus monkey babies

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27
Q

what is evolutionary discontinuity?

A

differences between behaviours and characteristics on non human animals compared to humans therefore in research they cannot be generalised to the human population

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28
Q

how and why is Lorenz’s study reliable

A

standardised procedures

clutch of gosling eggs separated into two groups 1 raised by mother and 1 raised by human

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29
Q

What are the practical applications of Lorenz’s research?

A

can be applied to support theories such as Bowlby’s monotropic theory and one of the key principles of the sensitive period which an attachment can only be formed in 3 yrs for a human and the first 25hrs for a gosling that’s why they went to Lorenz

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30
Q

what is ethically wrong about Lorenz’s research

A

some goslings were raised without their mother
there for produced an internal working model to humans and tried to reproduce with humans so are unable to form relationships with same species

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31
Q

why can Lorenz’s study NOT be generalised?

A

evolutionary discontinuity

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32
Q

why can Harlow’s study NOT be generalised?

A

evolutionary discontinuity

33
Q

how and why is Harlow’s research reliable?

A

standard procedures
rhesus monkeys are put in a cage with 2 surrogate mothers one is a wire mother that can feed and another is cloth mother which can not

34
Q

what are the practical applications of Harlow’s research?

A

can support the idea that behaviour is innate like in Bowlby’s monotropic theory not learnt link in the learning theory as monkeys spent the most time with the cloth mother and had high exploration behaviour

35
Q

why does Harlow’s study lack ecological validity?

A

lab experiment

not like in the wild

36
Q

why is Harlow’s research ethically wrong

A

monkeys were taken away from their real mothers

monkeys were purposefully distressed which lead to them producing dihorrea

37
Q

what does the learning theory imply

A

that attachment’s are learnt through association of food and consequences

38
Q

what is the only strength of the learning theory?

A

it has face validity as it makes evolutionary sense to form attachments to caregivers who provide us with food for survival

39
Q

what animal research disproved the learning theory as an explanation for attachment

A

Harlow
2 surrogate mothers
monkeys preferred cloth mother to feeding wire mother

40
Q

what other research disproved the learning theory as an explanation for attachment

A

Schaffer and Emerson
infants still formed primary attachments to those who didn’t feed them but were most responsive to them
39%

41
Q

what is the alternate theory to the learning theory as an explanation for attachment and why may it be better?

A

Bowlby’s monotropic theory
suggests how we have evolved to form attachment rather then learnt (Nature>nurture)
so attachment is more biological as learning theory is reductionist and ignores DNA

42
Q

what are the 5 key principles of Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A 
monotropic
innate and adaptive
social releasers
sensitive period
internal working model
43
Q

MAISSI

A 
monotropic
adaptive
innate 
social releasers
sensitive period
internal working model
44
Q

who’s research supports Bowlby’s monotropic theory and specifically what key principles?

A

Harlow….Innate

Lorenz… sensitive period

45
Q

however what is wrong with the research that supports Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

evolutionary discontinuity

46
Q

what is the practical applications of Bowlby’s monotropic theory?

A

improvements in child care
key workers never used to be able to form bonds with children
in nurseries now 1 key worker for an infant to make an attachment
stops damaging negative influences

47
Q

who provides an alternative explanation to Bowlby’s monotropic theory

A

Kagen

48
Q

what did Kagen suggest as an alternative explanation for explanations of attachment?

A

that in Bowlby’s research the continuity of early attachments could be due to other factors for example

personality difference between caregiver and child

nature of the relationship between caregiver and child

49
Q

what are the 4 measures of behaviour in Ainsworth’s strange situation?

A 
P
R
E
S
S
50
Q

who were the Pt’s in ainsworths study

A

100 American families with an infant aged 9-18 months old

51
Q

what are the attachment types presented by ainsworths strange situation?

A

insecure avoidant
securely attached
insecure resistant

52
Q

what % of the uk are insecure avoidant

A

15%

53
Q

what % of the uk are securely attached

A

70%

54
Q

what % of the uk are insecure resistant

A

15%

55
Q

why can ainsworths strange situation be described as reliable?

A

follows the standard procedures of:
1min introduction
3min child plays with caregiver present
3min stranger talks to caregiver and attempts to play w child
3min caregiver leaves child with stranger
3min caregiver returns stranger leaves
3min caregiver leaves child alone
3min stranger re-enters to interact
3 min stranger leaves and caregiver returns

56
Q

what research supports ainsworths strange situation?

A

Hazen and shavers love quiz
showed that securely attached babies now are loving and trusting in a relationship
insecure avoidant = avoid intimacy
insecure resistant = on and off relationships

57
Q

why does ainsworths situation lack ecological validity?

A

artificial environment

novel environment with different toys to home and hadn’t experience room before so not normally like day to day life

58
Q

how does ainsworths situation have internal validity?

A

no extraneous variables allows establishment of cause and effect

59
Q

why can ainsworths strange situation not be generalised?

A

ethnocentric

individualistic culture vs collectivistic

60
Q

who investigated the cultural variation of attachment

using ainsworths strange situation

A

Van ljzendoorn

61
Q

what is a meta-analysis

A

analysing differences between data across a large body of evidence

62
Q

what did Van ljzendoorn’s meta-analysis try to assess

A

the mother-child attachment types within different cultures A B or C

63
Q

in Van ljzendoorn’s meta-analyses what did the attachment type % show for Japan

A

A- 5%
B- 68%
C- 29%

64
Q

in Van ljzendoorn’s meta-analyses what did the attachment type % show for GB

A

A 22%
B 75%
C 3%

65
Q

in Van ljzendoorn’s meta-analyses what did the attachment type % show for Sweden

A

A 15%
B 75%
C 15%

66
Q

How does Van ljzendoorn’s research support universal laws?

A

secure attachment is the most common
(give examples)
this suggest BMT is correct as shows attachment is innate

67
Q

why does Van ljzendoorn’s research have high reliability?

A

standardised procedures

ainsworth procedure

68
Q

how does Van ljzendoorn’s research lack validity

A

culturally bias and mostly western countries selected

69
Q

how can Van ljzendoorn’s research not be generalised?

A

hard to generalise a whole culture
25 pts in China study
1.5x greater variation within cultures

70
Q

what is the continuity hypothesis of the IWM

A

the idea that there is consistency between early emotional experiences and later relationships, and it sees children’s attachment types being reflected in these later relationships

71
Q

what are the findings of childhood relationships when securely attached?

A

closer more meaningful relationships such as a best friend

more reciprocal relationships

72
Q

what are the findings of childhood relationships when insecurely attached?

A

Avoidant- more likely to be bullied

Resistant- more likely to be a bully

73
Q

what are the findings of adulthood relationships when securely attached?

A

empathic
meaningful loving relationships
high self esteem

74
Q

what are the findings of adulthood relationships when insecurely attached?

A

A: fear of intimacy, not emotionally invested, untrustworthy, doesnt share feelings

C: avoids closeness but wants closeness leading to jealousy, worries of feeling unloved, distraught when relationships end

75
Q

how does Kern’s evidence support attachment types on childhood and adult relationships

A

his results showed securely attached babies form the best quality childhood relationships
whereas insecurely attached have more challenging relationships

showing the long lasting effects on attachment types

76
Q

how does Hazen and Shaver’s love quiz support attachment types on childhood and adult relationships

A

56% secure attached had happy and trusting relationships
29% avoidant feared intimacy
19% worried about feeling loved

77
Q

how is the research/theory of attachment types on childhood and adult relationships seem deterministic

A

out of our control
some people behave behave differently to parents

therefore pessimistic

78
Q

how is the research/theory attachment types on childhood and adult relationships seem reductionist

A

focus on parental relationships ignoring wider social influences

other influence could be maturity and puberty

79
Q

what are the practical applications of attachment types on childhood and adult relationships

A

shows the importance of caregiver influence encouraging a strong, secure attachment relationship

increasing levels of adoptive parents need to be sensitive to infants needs and may have to partake in parental classes

this shows the importance of early relationships for later life

Psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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