Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology paper 1 > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is an example of statistical infrequency

A

schizophrenia only occurs in 1% of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is statistical infrequency? as a definition of abnormality

A

a measure of abnormality where if a person’s measure falls outside the majority field e.g. +-2 S.D. away from the mean is abnormal

therefore characteristics are measurable to determine an average where the ‘majority’ of normal lay here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a good thing about statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality

A

acts as a base line/ cut off point for abnormal behaviour, more easily identified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

is Statistical infrequency scientific

A

yes as it creates a baseline/cut off point to determine general laws of what is abnormal or not using objective methods such as S.D.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does statistical infrequency have practical applications

A

yes using an IQ score anyone bellow two standard deviations around the mean may need support in their educations or can be tested for learning difficulties etc to give them a ‘normal’ life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two issues with statistical infrequency as a definition of abnormality

A

not ‘black and white’ for example the IQ difference between 68 and 73 is practically non-existant

not all behaviours are rare e.g. depression occurs in 20% of people so may not be classified as abnormal and therefor limits a patients treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is deviation from social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

behaviour is abnormal if it goes against what people consider socially acceptable e.g. queuing in the UK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is socially deviant behaviour (AO1)

A

behaviour society views as undesirable or antisocial for example shouting at elderly people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a social norm (AO1)

A

an unwritten rule or accepted and expected behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how is abnormality measured in deviation from social norms (AO1)

A

cumulatively where the more norms that are broken the more abnormal the person is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what approach is deviation from social norms considered to be

A

holistic approach as it takes account for all situational and developmental norms e.g. queuing and age specific behaviour

so is a more detailed definition of abnormality as cumulates qualitative data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

is deviation from social norms useful as a definition of abnormality

A

no as social norms are subjective and perception of norms may differ per person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the practical application of deviation of social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

therapists can determine social abnormalities in a patients behaviour for example someone with social anxiety and treat them by drug therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the issue with social norms as a definition of abnormality

A

they can change over time for example with homosexuality being accepted when it wasn’t before

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality

A

6 aspects of ideal mental health to determine the degrees of normality in a person’s mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

who determined the 6 criteria of ideal mental health

A

Marie Jahoda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 6 criteria of ideal mental health

A

positive attitude to self
accurate perception of reality
autonomy
resisting stress
self-actualisation
environmental mastery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

PAARSE ideal mental health

A

positive attitude to self
accurate perception of reality
autonomy
resisting stress
self-actualisation
environmental mastery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is autonomy in ideal mental health criteria

A

being able to behaviour independently making own decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is environmental mastery in ideal mental health

A

ability to adapt to change without stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how is deviation from ideal health as a definition of abnormality ‘refreshingly positive’

A

definition focuses on how to achieve ideal mental health enabling someone to develop their own will power and work towards something rather than being labelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is meant by failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality

A

behaviour is abnormal if an individuals behaviour effects their day to day life

example: not being able to attend work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

who presented the 7 features of person dysfunction

A

Rosenhan and Seligman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 7 features of personal dysfunction

A

personal distress
maladaptive behaviour
unpredictibility
irrationallity
observer discomfort
violation of moral (SN’s)
unconventionality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

MOV UUPI

A

maladaptive behaviour
observer discomfort
violation of morals

unpredictability
unconventionality
personal distress
irrationality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is maladaptive behaviour

A

behaviour that prevents individual reaching goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is violation of moral quantities

A

behaviour is not reflective of social norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why can failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality be scientific

A

behaviour like missing work can be measured objectively, so if attendance falls bellow average.. abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why does failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality being NOMOTHETIC decrease its effectiveness

A

subjective, generalises behaviour in similar situations may be interpretated differently for each individual

GIVE EXAMPLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

how can failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality be seen as realistic

A

considers social norms, personal suffering and how others view the person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how is failure to function adequately as a definition for abnormality culturally bias

A

social norms differ for each culture
e.g. personal space UK vs middle east

32
Q

what is a phobia

A

debilitating fear of object, place, situation, feeling or animal

an anxiety disorder 15-20% of pop effected

diagnosis after 6 months of interferance

33
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of a phobia

A

persistant excessive unreasonable fear
-> causes high anxiety

fear when exposed to object
-> can lead to panic attacks

34
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of a phobia

A

avoidance

crying, screaming, running, fearing

distruption to daily function

35
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of a phobia

A

conscious awareness to exaggerated fear

selective attention to stimulus

irrational beliefs
-> all clowns evil

cognitive distortions
-> leave house will see clown

36
Q

what is Depression

A

mood disorder

causes persistant feeling of sadness and loss of intrest

5% general pop

37
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of depression

A

low mood (for 2 weeks diagnosis)

anger

low self esteem
-> worthlessness

38
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

loss of energy

insomnia

weight changes (5% + or - BMI)

agression

bad hygiene

39
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

low concentration

cognitive biases (-ve thinking)

black and white thoughts
-> situations are only good or bad

thoughts of suicide

indecisiveness

40
Q

what is OCD

A

anixety disorder

obsessions- thoughts
compulsions- behaviours

1.2% uk pop

41
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

anxiety/distress

low mood/depression

guilt/disgust

42
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

compulsions
-> repetitive behaviour (reduces anxiety)

aviodence

high anxiety limits interactions

43
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive/ intrusive thoughts

cognitive coping strategies

conscious awareness to irrational compulsions and obsessions

selective attention

44
Q

how are phobias explained

A

behaviourist approach, classical conditioning (aquisition) and operant conditioning (maintanence)

45
Q

what model uses the behaviourist approach to explain phobias

A

Mowrer’s two step process model

46
Q

what is
stimulus generalisation

A

anxiety of 1 stimulus is generalised to similar objects/situations

47
Q

what is
higher order conditioning

A

phobics relate other situations/stimuli of the original fear through -ve reinforcement

parks associated with fear of dogs

48
Q

what are the 2 behavioural treatments of phobias

A

systematic desensitisation
flooding

49
Q

what happens in systematic desensitisation

A

1) fear hierarchy
2) relaxation training (breathing and muscle relaxation)
3) graduated exposure over sessions must fully relax to move on

in vitro: imagine
in vivo: real exposure

50
Q

what is reciprocal inhibition in treating phobias

A

fear and relaxation cannot exist at the same time, so specific relaxation techniques remove anxiety completely

51
Q

weakness of systematic desensitisation

A

can improve the root cause but predisposition to a phobias could be transferred between

CRASKE AND BARLOE
doesn’t reduce social or complex phobias, causing relapse after 6months with agoraphobia

52
Q

what is flooding

A

exposure occurs all at once and taught relaxation techniques

1) until no response as fear has a limited physical response

2) unlearn connection as cannot leave due to fear being replased with relaxation

53
Q

what does the cognitive approach suggest about abnormality

A

that it is caused by irrational thought processes

such as how we perceive people, reason and judge

54
Q

what are the two explanations of depression

A

Beck’s negative triad

Ellis’s ABC model

55
Q

how does Beck’s negative triad explain depression

A

its a cycle of faulty thought processes:

  • negative thoughts of self
  • negative thoughts on future
  • negative thoughts of the world
56
Q

what does depression stem from in beck’s triad

A

negative schemas

which makes them interpret self in a negative way

57
Q

what does it mean by an inept schema

A

an expectation of failure

58
Q

what does it mean by self-blame schema

A

feeling responsible for misfortunes

59
Q

how are negative schemas maintained

A

arbitrary inference
minimisation
over generalisation

60
Q

what is arbitrary inference

A

draw conclusions without evidence

61
Q

what is minimisation

A

minimising the positive events in life

62
Q

what is over generalisation

A

conclusions based on a single event

63
Q

what does ellis’s ABC model stand for

A

activating event
beliefs about event
consequences (OF B)

leads to negative behaviour

64
Q

what causes leads to depression in ellis’s ABC model

A

faulty/ irrational beliefs

65
Q

what is CBT

A

treatment for depression that challenges irrational thoughts to improve behaviour

66
Q

how is CBT used in treating depression

A

1) identify negative thinking patterns (self report methods)
2) challenge thoughts present alternatives
3) learn skills to change thoughts
4) follow up

67
Q

what is the genetic explanation of OCD

A

faulty candidate gene cannot regulate serotonin production

faulty SERT gene reduces serotonin levels

68
Q

what does the genetic explanation of ocd suggest

A

that if you inherited faulty genes you have a genetic predisposition to OCD

69
Q

what did Nedstadt find in relation to genetic explanation of ocd

A

that first degree relative have a greater vulnerability to the disorder = 12%

compared to 3% of general population

70
Q

what is the neural explanation of OCD

A

damaged caudate nucleus cannot supress signals from the orbital frontal cortex so signal continues to the thalamus

thalamus is alerted repeting a worry circuit as the signal repeats going back to the OFC

leads to obsessions that need to be carried out by compulsions

71
Q

how does serotonin relate to OCD

A

low levels can cause anxiety, and cannot inhibit repetitions = compulsions

high levels block prevent the repetitions

72
Q

how is OCD treated by the biological approach

A

using drug treatment SSRI’s
like prozac

73
Q

how do SSRI’s work to treat OCD

A

blocks re-uptake pump for serotonin on the presynaptic neuron increasing serotonin binding to receptors on postsynaptic

this reduces the number of inhibitory receptors causing rapid fire of serotonin increasing levels more

74
Q

when there are less inhibitory receptors of serotonin what is this called

A

down regulation

75
Q

what are other types of drugs used to treat OCD

A

valium- boosts GABA strength reducing communication, calming effect

beta blockers- block beta receptors in body e.g. heart reducing response to adrenaline and noradernaline

Psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions