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social influence Flashcards

1
Q

what is informational social influence(ISI)?

A

(explanation for conformity)

someone conforming because they don’t know what do do and want to be correct so they follow the majority

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2
Q

what is conformity?

A

a type of social influence where individuals change their behaviour due to the real or perceived pressure from a majority group

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3
Q

what is normative social influence(NSI)?

A

(explanation for conformity)
someone conforming because they want to be accepted by the group of people around them .they follow majority to not stand out

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4
Q

what is internalisation?

A

a deep level of ISI
-where individual accepts the behaviour or belief of the majority to the extent that it becomes part of their belief system e.g. changing answer in classroom to be correct

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5
Q

what is identification?

A

a moderate level of type of conformity
-where individual behaves in the same way as majority because they value the group and identifies with the members of it. They don’t necessarily agree with everything they believe. e.g. matching shoes with group you don’t think its ugly or nice

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6
Q

what is compliance?

A

a superficial level of conformity resulted from NSI
-where individual changes behaviour to fit with group. They don’t necessarily agree with behaviour but go along with it publicly. e.g. smoking because it seems cool

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7
Q

what was Jenness’ ISI study?

A
  • asked ppts to individually estimate how many beans in a jar
  • he put them into a group and asked them for a group estimate
  • ppts were asked individually again for estimates and almost all changed their guesses to be closer to the group estimate
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8
Q

what was asch’s NSI study?

A
  • involved 123 male Americans in a lab setting
  • ppts given visual matching task involving lines
  • everyone else participating were confederates
  • multiple times confederates gave wrong answer to see if ppts would conform
  • 37% of ppts conformed
  • 75% of ppts conformed at least once
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9
Q

what are the 3 variable affecting conformity in Asch’s study?

A
  • group size
  • unanimity
  • task difficulty
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10
Q

how does group size affect conformity in Asch’s study?

A

he changed the amount of confederates (ranged from 1-15)

-with 3 confeds giving wring answer conformity rose to 31.8% then stayed the same with anymore confeds

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11
Q

how does unanimity affect conformity in Asch’s study?

A

he introduced confeds that disagreed with the others .Sometimes they would give correct/incorrect answers
-conformity reduced by 1/4 from levels it was when the majority was unanimity

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12
Q

how does task difficulty affect conformity in Asch’s study?

A

Asch made the task difficult by making stimulus line and comparison lines more similar in length
-he found that conformity increased under these conditions which suggest ISI plays a greater role as task is harder

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13
Q

define a social role.

A

the parts individuals play as members of social groups which meet the expectations of that situation

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14
Q

what was zimbardo’s research?

A
  • aim was to investigate the influence if social role o conformity in a prison setting
  • he used 24 mentally healthy male Americans
  • the design was independent groups
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15
Q

what was the procedure of Zimbardo’s research

A
  • ppts randomly allocated either the role of prisoner or role of guard
  • guards were given bats, handcuffs etc
  • prisoners were allocated numbers and had chain on their feet
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16
Q

what were the qualitative findings of Zimbardo’s research?

A
  • most guards adopted their social roles:
  • the guards appeared to enjoy domination and showed threatening behaviour e.g. responding to riots with fire extinguishers

prisoners:

  • in 2 days they rebelled and caused a riot
  • they were depressed and anxious
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17
Q

what was the quantitative finding of Zimbardo’s research?

A

-90% of conversations were about prison life.

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18
Q

how is obedience different from confomrity?

A

it involves following instructions of others and submitting to someone’s authority

19
Q

milgram’s research

A

aim- to investigate the process of obedience by seeing how far Americans would go when authority tells them to give shocks

  • controlled observation at yale uni lab
  • 40 men aged 20-50 from new haven
20
Q

what was the procedure of Milgram’s research?

A
  • ppts arrived and were sat next to a confed called ‘Mr Wallace’
  • had to pick role of teacher or learner but was always teacher
  • they were put in room split by a wall and the teacher and experimenter(a confed) were in the same room and the experimenter wore a lab coat to show authority
  • teacher saw learner strapped into seat and teacher got 45v example shock
21
Q

what were the qualitative findings of Milgram’s research?

A
  • ppts shook their heads, sweated and dug fingernails into flesh
  • signs of tension through nervous laughing
  • some had seizures
22
Q

what were the quantitative findings of Milgram’s research?

A
  • 100% of ppts went up to 300v
  • 65% went up to 450v
  • 35% of ppts were defiant
23
Q

Milgram’s research conclusion.

A

“German’s are different” hypothesis was rejected

-obedience is affected by the presence of authority as people go through an agentic shift

24
Q

what are the situational variables affecting obedience?

A
  • location
  • proximity
  • uniform
25
Q

what is legitimacy of authority as an explanation of obedience?

A
26
Q

what is agentic state as an explanation of obedience?

A
  • social hierarchy causes greater power to be associated with the authority figure so u go through an agentic shift and become their agent
  • you go from feeling responsible for your own actions to an agentic state where you feel responsibility lies with the authority figure.
27
Q

what is the authoritarian personality as an explanation of obedience?

A
  • its a collection of traits as a result of strict and rigid parenting
  • people with the personality are often hostile to those who have less status than them and are obedient towards people of higher status
  • conservative in their attitudes
28
Q

what are the 2 factors that influence whether people behave independently?

A
  • situational factors

- dispositional factors(personality)

29
Q

2 factors that make it easier for people to resist pressures to obey and conform.

A 
social support (a situational factor)
locus of control(a dispositional factor)
30
Q

social support in reducing the likelihood of conformity.

A

-having an ally can build confidence and allow individuals to remain independent

31
Q

what is locus of control?

A

a person’s perception of how much control they have over events that happen in their life.
-Ranges from high internal to high external

32
Q

locus of control in reducing the likelihood of conformity

A

those with high internal locus of control explains why some can resist pressures to conform or obey

33
Q

what are the 3 factors that can help the minority to influence?

A
  • consistency
  • commitment
  • flexibility
34
Q

describe flexibilty

A

being able to adapt their views and consider counter arguments(must be balance between consistency and flexbiity)

35
Q

describe consistency

A

is the minority remains consistent it is more likely ti interest other people
if their view is consistent it starts to make a majority reconsider their views

36
Q

describe commitment

A

minorities can participate in extreme activities to get their view noticed e.g. suffragettes
(augmentation principles)

37
Q

moscovici (1969) study intro

A

-lab experiment with 172 female ppts with no colour blindness
DV- the percentage of trials where people said the slides were incorrectly green

38
Q

moscovici (1969) study procedure

A

-ppts were put in groups of 6.Groups contained 4 ppts and 2 confederates.
-They were asked to estimate the colour of 36 slides.All the slides were blue but of different brightness
There were 2 experimental conditions:
-consistent-2 confeds called the slides green on all trials
-inconsistent-the 2 confeds called the slides green 24 times and blue 12 times

39
Q

moscovici (1969) study findings

A
  • ppts in consistent condition called the slides green in 8% of the trials
  • ppts in the inconsistent condition called the slides green in 1% of the trials
  • ppts in the control condition called the slides green in 0.25% of the trials
40
Q

what is social change?

A

whole society adopts a new belief or way of behaving which then becomes widely accepted as ‘the norm’
e.g people used to smoke in restaurants

41
Q

what is the augmentation principle?

A

key term connected to social change
-when minority make sacrifices for their cause it shows how committed they are. This commitment creates and augmentation principle where other individuals pay attention to the cause and start to change their opinion as they see the lengths someone will go to , to make their point.

42
Q

what is the snowball effect?

A

key term connected to social change

-

43
Q

what is social cryptomnesia?

A

key term connected to social change
-when social change occurs in a society ,the attitude or opinion becomes an integral part of the society’s culture and the source of the minority influence that led to it is generally forgotten.

psycho (13 decks)

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