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psycho > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

1
Q

what falls under the Peripheral Nervous System?

A

-automatic nervous system
-somatic nervous system
-sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic nervous system

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2
Q

what falls under the Central Nervous System?

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the endocrine gland do?

A

-produces and secretes hormones

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4
Q

what are hormones?

A

chemicals in the bloodstream that are carried to target sites.

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5
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

produces hormones that influence the release of other hormones.

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6
Q

what is the pituitary gland controlled by?

A

the hypothalamus which regulates bodily functions

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7
Q

what is the anterior pituitary?

A

the front pituitary which releases ACTH which stimulates adrenal gland to produce cortisol and it produces LH and FSH which stimulates the ovaries in females and testes in men.

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8
Q

what is posterior pituitary?

A

the back pituitary Releases oxytocin – stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth

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9
Q

where is the adrenal gland?

A

top of kindeys

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10
Q

what does the adrenal cortex do?

A

RELEASES CORTISOL
-regulates important bodily functions
-increased in response to stress

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11
Q

what does the adrenal medulla do?

A

releases adrenaline and noradrenaline
is used for fight or flight response

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12
Q

what hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

osteogen and progesterone

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13
Q

what is the significance of progesterone?

A

-Associated with heightened sensitivity to social cues
-significant during pregnancy

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14
Q

what hormone do the testes produce and what does it do?

A

testosterone and it is used in development of male characteristics during puberty

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15
Q

what does testosterone play a role in?

A

Sex drive
Sperm production
Maintenance of muscle strength

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16
Q

define neuron.

A

a specialised cell that carries neuronal info around the body.

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17
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons?

A

sensory, relayand motor

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18
Q

what happens at the dendrite?

A

it receives impulses from other neurons or sensory receptors

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19
Q

what happens at the myelin sheath?

A

it is an insulating layer which allows the impulse to travel quicker along axon

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20
Q

what happens at the axon terminal?

A

it is where the impulse is terminated.

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21
Q

sensory neuron.

A

-carries info from sensory receptor to the CNS
-converts info from sensory receptor to neural impulses
-impulses reach the brain and are translated to sensations
-reflex actions-some neurons are terminated in the spinal cord

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22
Q

relay neuron

A

allows sensory and motor neuron to communicate w each other
and lies within the CNS

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23
Q

fight or flight response.

A

when our body responds to an environmental stressor by changing involuntary processes in order to defend ourselves or escape

24
Q

what are the steps of the fight/fight.

A

1.stressor activates hypothalamus
2.hypothalmus sends signal to sympathetic NS
3.Neurons from symp NS sends signal to adrenal gland
4.adrenal gland releases adrenaline
5.adrenaline-increases heart rate etc
6.stressor goes away
7.parasympathetic NS returns body to resting state

25
Q

what does the sympathetic NS do?

A

-increases heart rate
-increases blood pressure
-dilates pupils
-relaxes bladder
-dilates bronchi

26
Q

what does the parasympathetic NS do?

A

-decreases heart rate
-constricts pupils
-contracts bladder
-constricts bronchi

27
Q

what is the structure of a sensory, motor, relay neuron?

A

sensory-unipolar(1 neurite extents from cell body)
relay-multipolar
motor-multipolar

28
Q

explain the neurons in a reflex arc.

A

1)a stimulus is detected by receptors in PNS
2)message passed along the sensory neuron which sends message to CNS
3)signal passed on from CNS via relay neuron to motor neuron
4)message the reaches effector e.g. muscle which causes response (reflex)

29
Q

what is the synaptic gap?

A

the tiny gap between 2 neurons.

30
Q

what are the endocrine glands and their hormones?

A

ovaries-oestrogen and progesterone
testes-testosterone
pituitary-ACTH
pineal-melatonin
pancreas-insulin
adrenal-adrenaline
thymus
thyroid-thyroxine

31
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemicals which are released from the synaptic vesicle and move to the pre synaptic membrane.
when released into synaptic gap they bind to post synaptic neurons receptor.

32
Q

how do neurotransmitters affect a neuron?

A

they can increase/decrease the likelihood of it producing an action potential

33
Q

what happens to excess neurotransmitters?

A

it is reabsorbed back into the terminal buttons of neurons via reuptake

34
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters vs inhibitory neurotransmitters.

A

excitatory-increase the likelihood of the neuron firing
inhibitory-decrease the likelihood of the neuron firing

35
Q

summarise action potential.

A

when a neuron fires action potential is produced. its is a short lasting event, occurs when the neuron sends info along axon towards axon terminal.
THIS IS TRIGGERED BY PROCESS CALLED SUMMATION

36
Q

summarise summation.

A

when all excitatory and inhibitory signals to one neuron are summed
if sum is excitatory then action potential is produced
if sum is inhibitory then action potential is not produced.

37
Q

what is localisation of function?

A

belief that specific areas of the brain are responsible for specific cognitive processes

38
Q

the motor cortex.

A

-located in frontal lobe and present un both hemispheres of brain
-responsible for voluntary movement
-motor cortex on 1 side of the brain controls muscles movement on the opposite side of body

39
Q

the somatosensory cortex.

A

-located in the parietal lobe and present in both hemispheres of brain
-detects sensory info from the skin
-sensory info from skin produces sensation touch, pain, pressure and temperature

40
Q

the visual cortex.

A

-located in the occipital lobe and present in both hemispheres of brain
-right hemisphere-receives input from left visual field
-left hemisphere receives input from right visual field

41
Q

the auditory cortex.

A

located in the temporal lobe and present in both hemispheres of brain
-brings sound into awareness
-has fields which are responsible for processing different types of sound e.g. high/low pitch

42
Q

what and where is Broca’s area?

A

it is in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere near the motor cortex.
It is responsible for speech production and if damaged a patient may experience the inability to produce speech or express their thoughts in writing

43
Q

what and where is Wernicke’s area?

A

it is in the temporal lobe of the left hemisphere
it is responsible for comprehension and if damaged a patient may experience the permanent or temporary inability to interpret a language

44
Q

where is language lateralised?

A

left hemisphere of the brain and here language production and comprehension is localised

45
Q

what is aphasia?

A

the impaired ability to produce or interpret language.

46
Q

Broca’s aphasia vs Wernicke’s aphasia

A

B-impaired ability to produce language
W-impaired ability to understand language

47
Q

what is a split brain patient?

A

a person who has had the 2 hemispheres of their brain separated by the removal of the corpus collosum which connects then.
(conducted on ppl w severe epilepsy and that can’t be treated with drugs)

48
Q

what was the first part of sperry’s (1968)experiment?

A

natural experiment
independent groups
11 men with hemispheric disconnection and right handed with severe epilepsy
IV: whether ppt had hemispheric disconnection or not
DV: motor and language performance on visual and tactile tasks

49
Q

what was the procedure for Sperry’s experiment?

A

motor task: language ability
one eye covered. eyes focused on middle of screen and words projected on the left and right of the screen. Ppts had to then say what they saw

tactile task:motor ability
eyes blindfolded and words projected on left/right of screen for 0.01 secs and ppts had to

49
Q

what was the procedure for Sperry’s experiment?

A

motor task: language ability
one eye covered. eyes focused on middle of screen and words projected on the left and right of the screen. Ppts had to then say what they saw

tactile task:motor ability
eyes blindfolded and words projected on left/right of screen for 0.01 secs and ppts had to

49
Q

what was the procedure for Sperry’s experiment?

A

motor task: language ability
one eye covered. eyes focused on middle of screen and words projected on the left and right of the screen. Ppts had to then say what they saw

tactile task:motor ability
eyes blindfolded and words projected on left/right of screen for 0.01 secs and ppts had to

49
Q

what was the findings for sperry’s experiment?

A
50
Q

localisation of function

A

-refers to the idea that spefic areas are responisble for specific fucntions

51
Q

what are the functions and where are they?

A

motor-motor cortex
sensory-somatosensory cortex
auditory-auditory cortex
visual-visual cortex

52
Q

research support for localisation

A

Fritsch and Itzig - electrical stimulation on dogs frontal lobe and dog produced movements

Ferrier-stimulated monkeys temporal lobe and they lifted ears and reacted to noise

53
Q

eval for localisation of function

A

+
Research support

-
Brain is too complex and not 1part acts independently of of the rest
plasticity may be a better explanation
Lashley’s research

54
Q

what did Lashley find?

A

when he removed areas in the cortex of a rat trying to do a puzzle he found that no one area was more important than the other–> take a more hollistic view

psycho (13 decks)

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