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psycho > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

1
Q

define alternative hypothesis.

A

a prediction that states what the effect of the IV will be on the dependent variable investigation

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2
Q

define null hypothesis.

A

a statement that predicts there will be no effect of the IV on the DV

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of alternative hypothesis and define them.

A
  • directional-difference predicted or relationship and the direction of the effect
  • non-directional-difference predicted or relationship but no direction specified
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4
Q

writing frame for directional hypothesis.

A

there will be higher number of/more…who/when…than…who/when….

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5
Q

writing frame for non-directional hypothesis.

A

there will be a difference in the…between…and…

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6
Q

what is the operational definition?

A

giving clear definitions of what these variables are and exactly how we are going to measure them e.g. a score out of 20

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7
Q

what are the 7 extraneous or confounding variables?

A
  • situational variables
  • participant variables
  • investigator effects
  • social desirability
  • the Hawthorne effect
  • demand characteristics
  • order effects
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8
Q

define situational variables.

A

outside influences on the experiment e.g. time of day,weather,noise,type of room

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9
Q

define participant variables.

A

individual differences between participants e.g. IQ, age,gender,social class,fitness etc

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10
Q

define investigator effects.

A

any conscious or subconscious bias caused by the investigator e.g. giving ratings based on opinion

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11
Q

define social desirability.

A

when participants change their behaviours or answers to conform to social norms

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12
Q

define the Hawthorne effect.

A

when participants change their behaviour when they know they are being observed

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13
Q

define demand characteristics.

A

when participants pick up cues from the situation during an experiment, try to guess the aim and modify their behaviour

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14
Q

define order effects.

A

effects that occur in a repeated measures design, participants behaviour is affected by the order they experience the conditions

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15
Q

what are the 4 controls for extraneous or confounding variables?

A
  • randomisation
  • standardisation
  • random allocation
  • counterbalancing
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16
Q

define randomisation

A

the use of chance in order to control the effects of bias when designing materials and deciding the order of conditions

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17
Q

define standardisation

A

using the exact same formalised procedure in a research study

18
Q

define random allocation

A

an attempt to control for PARTICIPANT VARIABLES in an independent group design, ensures each participant has the same chance as being in one conditions any other

19
Q

define counterbalancing

A

an attempt to control for ORDER EFFECTS in a repeated measures design :half participants in one order and the other half in the opposite order

20
Q

what is repeated measures?(CV)

A

all the participants do all conditions

21
Q

what is independent groups?(CV)

A

half of the participants do one condition and the other half do another

22
Q

what is matched pairs?(CV)

A

participants are pretested for a characteristic and matches with someone with similar characteristic

23
Q

what are single and double blind trials?

A

(single) the participant doesn’t know what group they belong to
(double) the participant and experimenter doesn’t know what group they belong to

24
Q

what does deceiving help control?

A

social desirability

25
Q

what is a lab experiment?

A

taken place in controlled setting

researcher manipulates IV and measures DV

26
Q

what is a field experiment?

A

takes place in a natural setting e.g. town centre

researcher manipulates IV and measures DV

27
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A

natural environment

IV has not been manipulated

28
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A

investigation where two groups are compared based off a characteristic about them.

29
Q

what is the difference between natural and quasi experiment?

A

in quasi IV selected by the researcher whereas natural IV occurs naturally

30
Q

strengths and weaknesses of lab experiments.

A

~~~
STRENGTHS🙂
-easy replication-standardised-increases reliability
-
WEAKNESSES😠
-tasks often lack mundane realism(real world activities)
-high chance of demand characteristics due to ppts knowing they’re being tested

31
Q

strengths and weaknesses of field experiments.

A

STRENGTHS🙂
-high ecological validity(people behave more natural)
-reduced demand characteristics
WEAKNESSES😠
-lack of control of extraneous variables e.g. situational
-impractical-time consuming and expensive
-ethical issues(consent)

32
Q

strengths and weaknesses of natural experiments.

A 
STRENGTHS🙂
-excellent research opportunities
-reduced demand characteristics
WEAKNESSES😠
-random allocation not possible
-small sample size-generalisation of results can be difficult
33
Q

strengths and weaknesses of quasi experiments.

A

STRENGTHS🙂
-can be tested under controlled conditions
WEAKNESSES😠
often artificial-results may be low in ecological validity

34
Q

what is systematic sampling?

A

target population is listed and ordered and every nth person is selected to be in sample

35
Q

what is stratified sampling?

A

population chosen by age, gender, ethnicity e.g

36
Q

what are all the types of sampling?

A
  • random
  • systematic
  • stratified
  • opportunist
  • volunteer
37
Q

pros and cons of random sampling?

A

pros-individuals all have equal chance of being selected
-eliminates sampling/researcher bias
cons-requires a lot of time to conduct

38
Q

pros and cons of systematic sampling?

A

pros-avoid researcher bias

cons-hard to achieve due to costs and time taken to select a set of participants

39
Q

pros and cons of stratified sampling?

A

pros-

cons-determining and constructing accurate strata would consume a large amount of time and be difficult to do

40
Q

pros and cons of opportunity sampling?

A

pros-convenient

cons-lack of care about ppt variables causes representation of population to decrease heavily

41
Q

pros and cons of volunteer sampling?

A

pros-less time consuming

cons- has great volunteer bias.

psycho (13 decks)

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