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Psychology > Social Influence 1 > Flashcards

Social Influence 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is compliance?

A

Changing public views to that of the majority, while private views are unchanged.

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2
Q

What is internalisation?

A

Changing both public and private views to that of the majority.

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3
Q

What is identification?

A

Changing views to match a group that you admire, but not acting on them outside of the group despite agreeing.

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4
Q

What is Informational Social Influence (ISI)?

A

Conforming out of the desire to be right.

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5
Q

When does ISI happen?

A
  • Ambiguous situation
  • High complexity/difficulty
  • Crisis
  • Belief that others know better
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6
Q

What type of conformity does ISI lead to?

A

Internalisation.

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7
Q

What is Normative Social Influence (NSI)?

A

Conforming out of the desire to be accepted.

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8
Q

When is NSI likely to happen?

A
  • With strangers
  • Concern about rejection
  • Stress
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9
Q

What type of conformity does NSI lead to?

A

Compliance.

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10
Q

Who came up with the two process theory of conformity?

A

Deutsch and Gerard.

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11
Q

What supporting research exists for the two-process theory of conformity?

A
  • Lucas et al
  • Asch
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12
Q

What was the Lucas et al. study?

A
  • Students answer maths questions
  • Students with worse math skills conformed on harder questions

Supports ISI.

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13
Q

What are weaknesses of the two-process theory?

A
  • NSI and ISI sometimes work together
  • Lacks population validity
  • NSI is less likely to affect people who are NOT nAffiliators (McGhee)
  • Students conformed less than others (Asch)
  • Lab experiments lack ecological validity.
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14
Q

What was the Sherif study?

A
  • Small spot of light in dark room
  • Participants guess how far it moved
  • Autokinetic effect (light appears to move in dark room)
  • Ambiguous situation
  • Groups of 3, where 1 has a very different estimate
  • Guesses all converged
  • Views were internalised after separation from group.
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15
Q

What was the Asch study?

A
  • 123 male US undergrads
  • Told it was a vision test
  • Up to 8 confederates
  • Real participant placed last or second last
  • Compare the length of lines
  • 18 trials, confederates give wrong answer on 12.
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16
Q

What were the results of the Asch study?

A
  • 35% conformity rate
  • 75% conformed at least once
  • 1% failure rate with no confederates.
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17
Q

What variables affect conformity?

A
  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Difficulty
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18
Q

What is the effect of group size on conformity?

A

Little conformity until 3 confederates added.

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19
Q

What is the effect of unanimity on conformity?

A
  • When one correct answer was given, conformity dropped to 5.5%
  • When one incorrect but different answer was given, conformity dropped to 9%.
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20
Q

What is the effect of difficulty on conformity?

A

When lines were closer in length, compliance increased.

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21
Q

What are weaknesses of the Asch study?

A
  • Low temporal validity: repeated with engineering students and only one conformed in 396 trials
  • Low ecological validity (you don’t measure lines on a day to day basis)
  • Low population validity (only male undergrads)
  • Ethical issues (deception on the real participants).
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22
Q

Who conducted the Stanford Prison Study?

A

Zimbardo.

23
Q

Where was the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) conducted?

A

Stanford University.

24
Q

What was the purpose of the SPE?

A

To find out if prison brutality was dispositional or situational.

25
Q

How many applied for the SPE?

A

75.

26
Q

Which applicants were chosen for the SPE?

A

24 males considered the most mentally stable.

27
Q

How were prisoners and guards chosen in the SPE?

A

Randomly.

28
Q

How many participants were left during the experiment?

A

10 prisoners, 11 guards (2 reserves, one dropout).

29
Q

What was the group size and shift duration for guards?

A

3 for 8 hour shifts.

30
Q

What deception was used on the prisoners?

A
  • Arrested in their own homes
  • Booked at a real police station
  • Blindfolded and taken to the ‘prison’
  • Zimbardo acted as the prison warden, leading prisoners to believe they could not leave when they actually could.
31
Q

How were prisoners dehumanised in the SPE?

A
  • Only addressed by ID number
  • Identical smocks
  • Chain around ankle.
32
Q

What was the guard uniform in the SPE?

A
  • Khaki uniform
  • Billy club
  • Dark sunglasses (no eye contact).
33
Q

What were the results of the SPE?

A
  • Prisoners and guards quickly identified to their roles
  • Prisoners dehumanised
  • Prisoners became submissive
  • 5 Prisoners had adverse reactions from the abuse
  • Terminated after 6 days rather than 2 weeks
  • Sadistic guards.
34
Q

What are strengths of the SPE?

A
  • Controlled key variables (mentally stable males)
  • Good application (Abu Ghraib).
35
Q

What are weaknesses of the SPE?

A
  • Lack of supporting research (repeated by Reicher and Haslam and the prisoners took control)
  • Zimbardo was the Warden and Researcher
  • Lack of informed consent.
36
Q

What was the purpose of Milgram’s Experiment?

A

Test if the German people allowed for the Holocaust because of dispositional or situational factors.

37
Q

How many participants were in Milgram’s original study?

A

40 males.

38
Q

How was the teacher and learner chosen in Milgram’s study?

A

All the real participants were teachers, but were led to believe it was random.

39
Q

How were participants encouraged to continue shocking the learner?

A

Series of 4 prods given by the researcher.

40
Q

What did Milgram predict about the percentage of participants who would shock to the highest level (450V)?

A

2%.

41
Q

What percentage of participants shocked to 450V in Milgram’s study?

A

65%.

42
Q

What effects did the Milgram study have on participants?

A
  • Visible nervousness
  • Laughing fits
  • Seizures
  • 84% were glad to have done the experiment afterwards.
43
Q

What was the Hoffing et al. study?

A
  • 22 nurses
  • Told to administer 20mg of made up drug ‘Astrofen’
  • Clearly labelled max dose 10mg
  • ‘Dr Smith’ was in a desperate hurry, so it had to be administered in 10 minutes
  • 21 of 22 obeyed.
44
Q

What are criticisms of Hoffing et al. study?

A
  • Nurses had no knowledge of the drug
  • No time to consult authority
  • Rank and Jacobson repeated with known drug (Valium) at 3x the dose
  • Despite a real doctor giving instructions, only 2 of 18 obeyed under these conditions.
45
Q

What was the gameshow that replicated the Milgram experiment?

A
  • Le Jeu De La Mort
  • Done in 2010 (many years after Milgram)
  • 80% gave 460V shock.
46
Q

What are weaknesses of Milgram’s study?

A
  • Lack of ecological validity
  • Participants may have seen through the deception (70% thought it was real).
47
Q

What situational variables affect obedience?

A
  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform.
48
Q

What was the effect of proximity in Milgram’s study?

A
  • 40% obedience when learner was in the same room
  • 30% obedience when you had to force the learner to touch an electric plate
  • 20.5% obedience when instruction given by phone.
49
Q

What was the effect of location in Milgram’s study?

A
  • 47.5% in a run down building rather than Yale.
50
Q

What was the effect of uniform in Milgram’s study?

A
  • Scientist had to leave due to a phone call
  • Role taken over by ‘ordinary member of public’ (confederate)
  • 20% obedience.
51
Q

What did the Bickman study find?

A
  • 153 pedestrians in New York
  • Asking people to do simple tasks (like picking litter)
  • 80% obedience to guard uniform, 40% otherwise.
52
Q

What did Miranda et al. find in their study?

A

90% obedience in Spanish students for the Milgram experiment.

53
Q

What are strengths of Milgram study variations?

A

High control of variables in variations.

Psychology (8 decks)

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