Phobias Flashcards
What is the two-process model?
Phobia is initiated through classical conditioning, and maintained through operant conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning through association.
Who conducted the ‘Little Albert’ experiment?
Watson and Raynor.
What is a neutral stimulus?
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response.
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
A stimulus that elicits a response before the conditioning.
What is operant conditioning?
Learning based on the consequences of responding.
What is positive reinforcement?
The behaviour leads to a reward.
What is negative reinforcement?
The behaviour stops something unpleasant.
What is punishment?
The behaviour leads to something unpleasant.
What are the positives of the two-process model?
- Does not label people as mentally ill
- Studies such as that done by King (1998) showed that many phobias are caused by past trauma.
What are the downsides of the two-process model?
- Many traumatic experiences do not cause a phobia
- Some people have phobias with no bad experiences
- Does not account for biological factors.
