social identity Flashcards
how did Jhonson and Jhonson 1987 define a group?
2 or more individuals - face/face interacting- aware of their member and of others and aware of their positive independence as they strive to achieve mutual goals
Hamilton and sheermans 1996 4 classifications of groups/ types of groups
intimacy- how much you share/ closeness
task
social category e.g. hobbies
loose associations e.g. lboro students- linked in some way
Johnson and Johnson 1987 properties
- interaction with others to do something
- 2/3 or more individuals
- collection of individuals who are individual
- achieve a goal
- clear roles and norms
- influence to be a group- influence each other.
lebon 1896
what is antisocial behaviour (negative impact on a society) based on-(crowd)
anonymity- in a crowd you are less identified so you are more identified with a group
contagion- see others do behaviours so carry on copying that behaviour
suggestibility- persuaded in group more easily
e.g. football crowds - losing our individuality in big settings
evidence of deindividuation
Zimbardo 1970- females in a paired learning task with confederate.
two people think they were given an electric shock when someone made a mistake (half were anonymous wearing a hood -those were deindividuated) = those who were in deindividuated gave electric shocks TWICE as long.
Diener et al 1976.- observed 13000 trick or treating invited to house to take one sweet but owner would leave to give opportunity to take more- individuated (asked name and address)- 8% took more than one sweet but 80% in those who were deindividuated. more likely to break rules
social identity theory-
intergroup relations based on self categorization,
social comparison and construction of shared self definition in terms of in group properties.
when your put in a group you favor your in group
judge out group bad
base our social identity based on our in group so see in group positively to boost your self esteem.
social identity theory- prototype
cognitive representation- follow ideal person in the group who epitomises the group characteristics- closely related to sterotypes shared in a gorup
social identity theory- what is the meta contrast principle
largest difference between in group positions and out group positions- between your group and another group
social identity theory- what is salience
when is an identity triggered- peoples perceptions of themselves and others become depersonalized (identity becomes that of a group). what is triggered in that given moment e.g. as a Tedford student that would be my in group but when watching lboro vs notts my in group is lboro
Relative homogeneity effect
minority vs majority group
see minority group see them as the same and minority see majority as individuals
when in a majority group you view the outgroup which is the minority p as the same people but yourself as individuals BUT minority group see majority group as individuals and diverse people
Roles-
roles can be informal or formal
task or social related
reasons we have roles- divide labor, indicates how members relate to one another, sense of belonging
EXAMPLE - certain roles can be good- electric shock experiment but when women were dressed as nurses they gave less shocks than those dressed as KKK members (based on Johnson and downing 1979)
roles relate greatly to norms- roles continue based on what another individual has done MCNEIL AND SHERIF- shows others copy what is norms to the group e.g. as a fresher you gain a norm of certain behaviours
what does procsocial mean?
behaviour that has positive social processes or helps the physical or psychological wellbeing of another individual
What is altruism?
An act that is meant to be beneficial to another person rather than oneself. Think about in friends when they tried to find a selfless good deed.
so true altruism is selfless
Kinship - why we help others
burnstein et al.
Kinship- biological aspect- impact to why we help people- more likely to help family (maybe as it is mutual)
may help propagate their own genes
Empathy- why we help others
if we have been in a similar situation you may be more empathetic and then more likely to help.