Agression

Question 1

define aggression

Answer 1

intending to cause harm (scherer 1975)

behaviour resulting in personal injury or destruction of property (bandura 1973)

Question 2

How do we operationalise aggression

Answer 2

Analogues e.g. bandura doll experiment.
signal of intention e.g. express willingness to use violence GREEN 1978
self ratings LEYENES 1975
Rated by others ERON 1982
indirect spreading rumors LANSFORD 2012

Question 3

Frustration aggression hypothesis DOLLARD 1939

Answer 3

you have a goal which is stopped - happens again and again and you don’t release the frustration leading to aggression
frustration always leads to aggression

evidence-

Question 4

Bandura - KEY STUDY

Answer 4

4/5 year olds observed adult play with a bobo doll in 4 conditions-
1- adult was physically aggressive to the doll (live)
2-adult was physically aggressive to the doll (video)
3-adult was physically aggressive to the doll cartoon
4- play naturally/non aggressive (control condition)

Findings- most aggression from condition 1 also more violent in the video and cartoon just not as much as the live condition

Question 5

Social learning theory-

Answer 5

developed by Bandura
1- person experiences other people aggression
2-how successful aggression in the past has been
3- current likelihood that they will be rewarded or punished
4- complexity includes cognitive, social, and environmental factors in the situation that affects if they display the aggressive behaviours

Question 6

General aggression model- ANSERSON AND BUSHMAN 2002

Answer 6

person inputs- personal factors-up bringing, genetics
situational impacts
is the response thought through or instinctive (impulsive)
outcomes vary

Question 7

Further reading- intergroup/collective aggression- Berkowiz 1972

Answer 7

he used this to explain riots
under conditions of perceived relative deprivation leads to frustration- aversive environmental conditions then amplify the conditions
this increases individual aggression exacerbated by aggression stimuli (e.g. armed police)
then aggression becomes more widespread leading to social facilitation creating collective violence

Question 8

further reading- Gary runciman 1966 2 types of relative deprivation including evidence leading to collective aggression

Answer 8

egoistic relative deprivation- thinking you deserve more than you are getting as an individual

faternalistic relative deprivation- thinking our group has less than it is entilted to

evidence shows it is faternalistic relative deprivation which causes social unrest or collective aggression- Vennaman 1972 conducted a survey showing white people who expressed negative opionions to blacks were those who thought white people as a group are less fortunate to blacks as a group.

Question 9

further reading - other effects to relative deprivation

Answer 9

high sense of belonging to the group
action (conflict) is seen to have feasible ways to bring about social change
-procedural injustice
-ingroup to outgroup comparison

Question 10

further reading- what are the minimal conditions for intergorup behvhaiour (conflcit)

Answer 10

Tajfel 1971 and colleagues-
The minimal group paradigm
children assigned to one of 2 groups where idnivudals had to distribute points and money (very minimal) without knowing the identity of the outgroup and fellow ingroup members and still favoured their own group - quite a startling finding as the groups were so minimal as they were based on a basis of a flimsy criteration wiht no past history to back up the groups created.

Question 11

further reading- revised/extension on frustration aggression hypothesis

Answer 11

Berkowitz (1969) proposed a revised frustration-aggression hypothesis, where he argued that frustration doesn’t always lead to aggression. He stated that aggression would only occur in the presence of certain cues. For example, cues such as the presence of weapons will be more likely to trigger aggression