Social Hierarchies

Question 1

Social Hierarchy (social Stratification)

Answer 1

Refers to the ordering or ranking of individuals within a society

Question 2

2 views of stratification

Answer 2

1. Stratification is inevitable due to resource control, specialized occupations, and the power of elites to control others
2. Stratification is avoidable and it goes against human nature

Question 3

Social Classes

Answer 3

A form of hierarchy typically based on an individual’s economic worth or status (mobile and fixed aspects)

Question 4

Meritocracy

Answer 4

When individuals are rewarded for their hard work and resources are distributed according to people’s achievement, effort, and ability

Question 5

Caste Systems

Answer 5

A form of social stratification where an individual is assigned a social status at birth based on the social and occupational ranking of their parents (ex. India)

Question 6

Race

Answer 6

The presumed genetic, natural, heritable characteristics of a group of people (race is a social construct)

Question 7

Franz Boas

Answer 7

Worked to discredit the idea of race

Question 8

What % of physical variation is found within groups that are considered to be of the same race?

Answer 8

94%

Question 9

Racism

Answer 9

Systems of prejudice based on physical differences are paired with behavioural, physical, physical, or intellectual differences

Question 10

Racism in Canada

Answer 10

• Ku Klux Klan (designed to terrorize freed slaves)
• Canadian Nazi Party and Edmond burke Society (Believed whites are superior)
• Racism towards indigenous people

Question 11

White Privilege

Answer 11

The positioning of “white” individuals at the top of racial hierarchies and that they have greater authority and privileges over non-white people

Question 12

Samuel George Morton

Answer 12

• Scientist and physician from 1800’s
• Collected and measured skulls from around the world
• believed a person’s intelligence was related to the size of their brain

Question 13

Stephan Jay Gould

Answer 13

Re-examined Morton’s work in 1981 (Found heavy bias and skewed results)

Question 14

Allan Hanson

Answer 14

1. A single entity
2. Measurable and unequally distributed
3. The amount if fixed throughout life
4. The amount people have determines their success in life
5. Largely inherited

Question 15

Francis Galton and Karl Pearson

Answer 15

• Each studied intelligence and its inheritance (both had flaws)

Question 16

Sex

Answer 16

Hormonal, chromosomal, or physical differences between males and females

Question 17

Gender

Answer 17

The cultural interpretation of sex. There is no cross-culture universal understanding of gender and how people of a certain gender should behave, dress, act, etc

Question 18

Third Gender

Answer 18

The acknowledgement that people may not fit into the designated masculine or feminine gender roles that align with the sex of the individual

Question 19

Two-spirit People

Answer 19

Biological males who do not feel like they fit the standard male role

Question 20

Sworn Virgins of Albania

Answer 20

Women who choose to take on a more traditional male role in terms of dress

Question 21

Transgender

Answer 21

People who feel like they were born into the wrong body, meaning that their biological sex does not match with the gender they identify with

Question 22

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 22

Ideals and norms of masculinity in a society, which are often privileged over others

Question 23

Peggy Reeves Sandy

Answer 23

Did a study on fraternities and hegemonic masculinities

Question 24

Emily Martin

Answer 24

• Conducted a study on the language used to talk about menstruation and female reproduction
• Compared it to the language used to describe men’s reproductive systems

Question 25

Ruth Sidel

Answer 25

Compared the united states to the titanic

Question 26

Michael Todaro

Answer 26

- Found that women are more likely to be malnourished, but less likely to receive medical help - Female headed households tend to be poorer - Wealth is not shared equally within households

Question 27

Language, Gender and Hierarches

Answer 27

Voice pitch Grammar Speaking/not speaking Conversational styles

Question 28

Intersectionality

Answer 28

Overlapping social categories of inequality that are woven together to create interdependent systems of disadvantage (ex. Plastic surgery in Brazil)

Question 29

New Racism

Answer 29

A form of "soft" racism that positions racial differences as cultural rather than biological, but are still viewed as insurmountable or too great to overcome (ex. identity soup)

Question 30

Lalaie Ameeriar

Answer 30

Did a study on Pakistani women in the workplace

Question 31

Universal Declaration of human Rights

Answer 31

- Right to be free of threat of torture or inhumane treatment - Right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being - Right to security in circumstances beyond the person's control