Progress and Development Flashcards
Progress
The idea that human history is the steady advance from a life dependent on the nature to a life of control and domination over nature
Unilinear Cultural Evolution
Idea that all societies go through the same series of standardized stages and that all humans are on the same trajectory of development
Culture Change
The change in meaning that people ascribe to experiences and changes in their way of life
Barrel Model
Designed by Harald Pins
Superstructure-> Social Structure-> Infrastructure-> Environment
Different Types of Societies
- Foragers
- Horticulturalists
- State Societies
Foragers
- Egalitarian
- less than 100 people
- Mobile
- High yield> labour
- Achieved status
Achieved Status
A form of status this is earned. An identity that is believed to be in flux and that is dependent upon the actions and achievements of an individual
Horticulturists
- Slash and Burn or swidden agriculture
- Livestock herding
- High yield>Labour
- Sedentary
- 200-2000 people
- Had a leader or chief (ascribed status)
Slash and Burn or Swidden Agriculture
Act of clearing forests by burning and bushes and then planting crops among the ashes leftover. The land used is rotated so the previous plot will have time to recover
Sedentary
Stayed in one place with permanent or semi-permanent houses
Ascribed Status
A form of status that is hereditary or given at birth. An identity that is perceived as fixed and unchanging because a person is born with it
Clan
Groups of people who claim descent from a common ancestor
State societies
- Agriculturists
- 1000’s of people
- Irrigation agriculture
- Low yield<labour
- Organized leadership
- Specialized occupations
- Increased trade
Irrigation Agriculture
Form of cultivation in which water is used to deliver nutrients to the plants
Specialized Occupations
Where people could become an expert of a particular thing
Charles Darwin
Focused on physical and bodily changes over time (Anthropologists misappropriated Darwin’s ideas)
Herbert Spencer
Focused on interpreting human societies
Lewis Henry Morgan
Created a system to classify different stages of culturalism
Savagery>Barbarism>Civilization
Industrial Revolution
The shift in production from agriculture to industrial goods, urbanization, and the factory system
Leslie White
Used the idea of energy and technology to explain cultural evolution
Population Density
The number of people within a given geographic area
Mark Cohen
Argues that people abandoned foraging because they were running low on food in their geographic area
Carrying Capacity
The number of people a given area of land can provide for before environmental degradation starts to occur
Robert L. Carneiro
He noticed that with a growing population, changes in social organization follow
Jared Diamond
Believed that the transition to agriculture was a catastrophe that we never recovered from
“Putting Out” System
Merchants provide materials and tools and for workers to produce products in their homes
Factory System
Brought workers into one place to create products
Effects of the expansion of the textile industry
- Fueled the growth of cities
- spurred technological development
- Increased wealth
- Created jobs
- Status of women
- Competition
- Slavery
Economic Development
Increase in technology and the standard of living for a population
World Bank
A lending institution for nations and their economic development
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
To regulate currency transactions between countries. (makes some countries more powerful and some less)
Biomedical Model
The idea that by combining biological knowledge with diagnosis and treatment of illness, we can repair the body
How someone dies from an infectious disease
- Contact with a pathogen or a vector
- pathogen must be virulent
- Pathogen must evade our immune system
- Pathogen must also evade any measures that one medical system has put in place to rid us of the disease
Pathogen
Infectious agent like bacteria
Vector
An organism like a mosquito that can transmit disease to another
Economic Inequality
Peoples social and cultural situations reflect what treatment they can recieve
Biomedicine
Disease comes from bacteria or viruses, from biochemical processes, or physiological disorders
Interpersonal Theory of Disease
Tension or conflict within their social relations are what causes disease
Personalistic
Disease resulting from aggressive or purposeful supernatural acts
Naturalistic
Disease is a result of natural forces and an upset in the balance of body elements
Transformative Healing
Long-term healing that takes place over time, but doesn’t necessarily cure any specific illness
Restorative Healing
Healing that cures you of an illness
