social groups - theories

Question 1

Stenström et al

Answer 1

• common features of teen speak include: slang, irregular turn-taking, verbal duelling, overlaps, teasing and name calling, in distinct articulation, taboo and language mixing

Question 2

Brown and Levinson

Answer 2

• Bald on-record = a direct way of saying things, without any minimisation to the imposition, in a direct, clear and unambiguous way e.g. Do x!

Question 3

Ignacio Palacios Martinez

Answer 3

• teenagers use more negatives than adults; are more direct and not afraid to face threatening acts
• multiple negation is a common feature of teenage language

Question 4

Jenny Cheshire

Answer 4

• adult and child language develops in response to important life events such as marriage, child birth and change in social situations

Question 5

Milroy

Answer 5

• social networks are composed of a ‘web of ties’ between individuals
• belfast

Question 6

Halliday

Answer 6

• anti-language

Question 7

Penelope Eckert (97)

Answer 7

• argues that three different ways to define age = chronological age (years since birth), biological age (physical maturity) and social age (linked to life events such a marriage and having children)

Question 8

Penelope Eckert

Answer 8

• slang is used to connect an individual to youth culture and to disassociate themselevs with other generations

Question 9

Berland

Answer 9

• teenagers often use tags such as ‘innit’, ‘right’ and ‘yeah’
• ‘innit’ is used more by working class and ‘yeah’ by middle class

Question 10

Vivian de Klerk

Answer 10

• younger people have the freedom to challenge linguistic norms; they seek to establish new identities
• patterns of speech formed by parents are eroded by patterns within their peer groups

Question 11

Zimmerman

Answer 11

• factors that influence teen speak include the media, music, graffiti and new forms of communication