gender - theories Flashcards
1
Q
Robin Lakoff + gender model?
A
- deficit
- women are socialised into behaving like ladies (linguistically and socially) and this subordinate position within society stops them being powerful
2
Q
Spender + gender model
A
- dominance
- believes that a male dominated society has structured and regulated language to reflect men’s best interests
3
Q
Zimmerman and West + gender model
A
- dominance
- men are more likely to interrupt women in mixed sex conversations, suggesting their dominance
4
Q
Beattie + gender model
A
- dominance
- critical of zimmerman and west, found the men only interrupted more by such a slight margin that it wasn’t statistically significant
5
Q
Pamela Fishman + gender model
A
- dominance
- women do more of the conversational work, due to their inferior position within society
6
Q
Deborah Tannen + gender model
A
- difference
- women use language differently from men, not out of inferiority, but because they have been socialised differently and have different conversational goals
- they are aiming to keep a conversation going through their use of tag questions
7
Q
Coates + gender model
A
- difference
- found that boys and girls tended to belong to same sex friendship groups and subsequently developed different styles of speaking
8
Q
Deborah Jones + gender model
A
- difference
- categorised women’s talk into four main groups; house talk, scandal, bitching and chatting
9
Q
Pilkington + gender model
A
- women in same sex conversations are collaborative and used positive politeness strategies
- men in same sex conversations were less collaborative, less complimentary and less supportive than women
10
Q
Eckert + gender model
A
- diversity
- suggested that we need to explore other reason for language variation such as class
11
Q
Deborah Cameron + gender model
A
- diversity
- the gender ‘template’ doesn’t fit everyone; suggesting that there can be as many differences in communication between two men as there could be between a man and a woman
12
Q
Janet Holmes + gender model
A
- diversity
- researched take questions; discovering that they could be used to express solidarity, or that they could weaken a command or criticism
13
Q
O’Barr and Atkins + gender model
A
- diversity
- studies courtrooms and the speech of witnesses
- found that language differences are based on situation specific authority or power, rather than gender
14
Q
Hyde + gender model
A
- diversity
- gender similarities hypothesis: men and women are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables
- this includes speech
15
Q
Judith Butler
A
- the way we present ourselves, such as our speech and body language, and continually repeat these presentations, constructs our gender rather than reflecting it
