gender - terminology

Question 1

amelioration

Answer 1

• the meaning of a word or phrase becomes increasingly positive over time

Question 2

bitching

Answer 2

• the exchange of emotions by women, often expressing anger and complaints

Question 3

deficit model

Answer 3

• the belief that language used by women is inferior to the language used by men

Question 4

difference model

Answer 4

• the belief that men and women have innate differences in the style and function of their speech and writing

Question 5

diversity model

Answer 5

• the belief that gender is not the only thing influencing men and women’s language use, rather their language behaviours are affected by the groups they belong to

Question 6

dominance model

Answer 6

• the belief that the differences in language use by men and women can be explained by the hierarchal dominance of men within society

Question 7

euphemism

Answer 7

• words or phrases that are used to refer to things that others may find upsetting or embarrassing

Question 8

filler

Answer 8

• a seemingly meaningless word, phrase or sound that marks a pause or hesitation in the speech

Question 9

folk linguistics

Answer 9

• the opinions and beliefs that non linguists hold about language use

Question 10

gender neutral terms

Answer 10

• words or phrases that avoid bias towards a particular gender

Question 11

genderlect

Answer 11

• the particular dialect used by men and women depending on their gender

Question 12

hedge

Answer 12

• a word or phrase that makes a sentence less forceful or assertive

Question 13

hegemonic masculinity

Answer 13

• language and behaviour associated with an idealised male group that is seen to have the most power and status within society

Question 14

heteronormativity

Answer 14

• the belief that heterosexuality is the norm or default sexual orientation

Question 15

house talk

Answer 15

• the discussion of the female role as an occupation

Question 16

hypercorrection

Answer 16

• a pronoun citation, word form or grammatical construction produced by mistaken analogy with standard usage in a desire to be correct

Question 17

interruption

Answer 17

• speaking at the same time as another speaker with the intention of taking the turn from them

Question 18

marked terms

Answer 18

• the unusual form of a term, often shown by an additional suffix
• e.g. ladette -> the unmarked term would be the regular form e.g. lad

Question 19

minimal response

Answer 19

• short sounds or words that are used to maintain a conversation
• shows the listener is listening

Question 20

peroration

Answer 20

• the meaning of a word or phrase becomes increasingly negative over time

Question 21

pejorative term

Answer 21

• a judgemental term that usually implies disapproval or criticism

Question 22

performativity

Answer 22

• using speech and other communication methods to construct or perform an identity

Question 23

rapport talk

Answer 23

• attempting to build relationships through speech
• typically associated with female speech

Question 24

reclamation

Answer 24

• the cultural process of removing negative associations with a particular word or phrase that have been used against a less powerful social group by a more powerful one

Question 25

representation

Answer 25

• the portrayal of events, people and circumstances through language (and image and sound) to create a way of seeing the world

Question 26

social constructivism

Answer 26

• places importance on social interaction as constructing identity and people coming together to create a shared construction of the world

Question 27

socialisation process

Answer 27

• learning to be a participating member of society

Question 28

stereotype

Answer 28

• a fixed generalised set of characteristics that are widely believed to represent a particular type of person or thing

Question 29

tag question

Answer 29

• a short question added at the end of a sentence, often inviting agreement with the speaker
• sometimes seen to be used as seeking reassurance

Question 30

uptalk

Answer 30

• rising intonation used at the end of declarative statements

Question 31

variable

Answer 31

• a contextual factor that can influence speech and writing

Question 32

verbal hygiene

Answer 32

• the effort to improve or correct speech and writing to arrest change in language