Social Developments To 1914 Flashcards
Russias major cities and the swelling of urban population
of new large factories and the growing numbers of workshops swelled the urban population.There were 6m factory workers by 1913. From 1867 to 1917 the empires urban population quadrupled. This mainly was the result of the influx of peasants looking for work.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Peasants moving to the cities to work
Some only settle temporarily retaining the land and returning to the villages to help out their families for the harvest some joined the bands of migrants who would stay in one place for only a few years, others stayed and produced children who grew up to think of themselves as urban workers.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Growing Peasant population in major cities
By 1914 three out of every four people living in Saint Petersburg or peasants by birth. The situation in Moscow was the mainly the same, livestock roam the streets and they were outdoor peasant markets, including one on red Square.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Urban class and workers living conditions
Facilities needed to improve for the growing urban class workers often found themselves living in barrack buildings owned by the factory owners dangerously overcrowded and lacking in adequate sanitisation. They had to eat at canteen and wash in communal bath houses.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Living conditions of urban workers in Saint Petersburg
40% of houses had no running water or sewage systems excrement was simply set in in the backyard and collected by wooden cart at night. 30,000 inhabitants died of cholera.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
The demand for work and accommodation
The demand was so high that rents remain high often taking half a workers wages those who could not afford rent simply lay down in the factory alongside their machines or live rough on the streets.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Workers wages variation
They varied tremendously according to whether they were skilled or unskilled the occupation followed and the amount of overtime as well as deducted fines. Women however, were among the lowest paid earning less than half the average industrial wage.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Wages and keeping up with inflation
Conditions were at their worst during the industrial depression however even when industry began to revive the wages of industrial workers failed to keep up with the pace of inflation. Inflation at the time was running at 40%.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Factory working hours
Normal factory working hours were reduced to 10 hours by 1914 however this did not apply to workshops.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Education
Education spread there was an 85% rise in primary school provisions between 1905 and 1914. the gov promoted the development of technical schools and universities. Investment in education was far less than in railways and only 55% of children and full-time education by 1914
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Towns and cities as the breeding place for political discontent
Political activism was comparatively rare, partly because strike activity was illegal and a secret police. Also, because of the relatively small numbers of workers and their own desperation to get a retain jobs.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Strike activity from 1912-14
Strike activity escalated and in 1914 there were 3574 stoppages the governments only response to activity was oppression.
Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Workers strike at the Lena goldfields
When the workers went on strike for better wages and conditions in 1912 troops were sent in and 270 workers were killed in 250 injured.
The developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Conditions for peasant farmers
They didn’t improve substantially strip farming persisted on 90% of the land and there was still widespread rural poverty. The rich and poor gap became wide as the kulaks took advantage of the position of the less favoured.
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Conditions of the poorest of peasants
They found their lives getting Harsher. And minority migrated to Siberia and they were encouraged by government schemes to sponsor immigration from the overpopulated rural south and west to the new agricultural settlements opened up by the trans Siberian railway.
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
The amount of peasants that emigrated to Siberia via the trans Siberian railway scheme
Only 3.5 million from a peasant population of nearly 97,000,000 were able to take advantage of this scheme. However, live standards varied in different parts of the country with more prosperous commercial farming.
Developments in working and living conditions in the country side
Lives of former state peasants
They tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately own surf because they had been granted more land. despite improvements &healthcare, a large proportion of the peasantry was turned down as unfit for the military
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Morality rates
They were high in those of any other European country and there were two few doctors for the large rural population.
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Teachers
They were in short supply he received more than the most basic elementary education and in 1914 I was still around 60% illiteracy.
Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Large families
Large families mainly lived in primitive wooden huts eating a monotonous daily diet and with few possessions. They were at the bottom of the social ladder and they had a strong sense of community and loyalty to the church and the tsar.
Social divisions
Nobility as a whole
They had suffered due to the emancipation, but some had thrived on the favourable arrangements for land distribution or involvement in industrial enterprises and financial speculation.
Social divisions
Nobility serving in gov offices and with strong military connections
They retained much of their form influence and lifestyle. One third of all nobles land was transferred to townsman of peasants
Social divisions
Struggling nobles
There were certainly nobles who struggled to meet debts and failed to understand money management, investment for the future and the need to adjust living standards accordingly. however there were no redistributive taxation or tax on land wealth to diminish their income.
Social divisions
Noble influence
Nicholas encouraged noble influence and was keen to see their power within the local zemstva. The ability were regularly appointed to provincial governor ships and each district of Empire had its own noble assembly.
Social divisions
The May 1906 Noble assembly meeting
It showed nobles determination to retain their property rights and national interest in the face of change. This determinations reflected the strength of the class. As a class, they retain much of their previous wealth and status.
Social divisions
The middle class
The middle-class expanded as the pace of economic change quickened. Mobility as nobles sons chose to join the business world although peasants through hard work. this group group group as professional positions became more in demand.
Social divisions
Middle class as the council
The growing middle-class found their natural home on the council of the zemstva, town and state Dumas where they exerted an influence beyond their size.
Social divisions
Workers and peasantry
Population growth in a development affected the workers and peasantry. social adjustments were taking place and peasants activism resulted from failed harvests and unfair land location. However, there was a slow process of pulling peasants away from political activism.
Social divisions
Peasants and workers in urban areas
Former peasants alienated from their families and their roots lost something of their form identity and began to associate with others who lived and worked in close proximity.
Cultural changes
Patriarchal structure
The patriarchal structure of Russian society remained untouched with ties of family and household predominating however political and economic developments brought new opportunities and aspirations for women.
Cultural changes
Women’s educational opportunities
The first or Russian Congress of women
An increased amount of women found great independence through factory work in December 1908. The first Russian Congress of women was attended by 1035 delegates in Saint Petersburg and it campaign for a female franchise.
Cultural changes
Growth of education
The growth of education brought change, government expenditure and primary education group from 5,000,000 to 82,000,000 by 1915. 6 .5 million children were receiving primary education however only one third were girls.
Cultural changes
Books and publications
Books and publications proliferated, after 95 press there were 1767 newspapers being published at least weekly reading when rims were established and popular literature flourished.
Cultural changes
Higher education and university
Hi education remained elitist however between 1860 and 1914 the number of university students in Russia grew to 69,000. although a quarter of students in secondary school came from the peasantry, this was only 30,000 individuals.
Cultural changes
Writer and artists addressing social problems through their work
Anton Chekhov
They use the art forms to adjust problems in Russian Society, Chekhov produce a stream of stories and plays from the 1880s about social problems.
Cultural changes
Relaxation of censorship controls
This produced the silver age of Russian culture dominated by poets there were experiments in modernism as Music pictures and paintings offered new and shocking challenges to the convention and showed that Russia was culturally as much a part of the modern world as it’s more advanced economic neighbours.
Cultural changes
Broadening and diversed culture
Culture changed and diverse to encompass a much wider group than the intelligentsia elites and it mirrored the other changes running through Russian society some aspects of Russian culture and behaviour seem to exhibit little change.
The tercentenary celebration
The Emperor and his family drove through the street of Peterborough in open carriages and attended an elaborate Thanksgiving service.
Cultural changes
Tercentenary year 1913
Nicholas and Alexandra revelled in their traditional jubilee rituals organised to celebrate the permanency of Romanoffs. Nicholas was convinced that “my people love me.”
Cultural changes
Orthodox Church
The orthodox church influenced government and the community, despite the sporadic outbursts. Did traditionalism bought an outpoint of patriotism and support for the when the decision to go to war was announced in 1914.