Social Developments To 1914

Question 1

Russias major cities and the swelling of urban population

Answer 1

of new large factories and the growing numbers of workshops swelled the urban population.There were 6m factory workers by 1913. From 1867 to 1917 the empires urban population quadrupled. This mainly was the result of the influx of peasants looking for work.

Question 2

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Peasants moving to the cities to work

Answer 2

Some only settle temporarily retaining the land and returning to the villages to help out their families for the harvest some joined the bands of migrants who would stay in one place for only a few years, others stayed and produced children who grew up to think of themselves as urban workers.

Question 3

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Growing Peasant population in major cities

Answer 3

By 1914 three out of every four people living in Saint Petersburg or peasants by birth. The situation in Moscow was the mainly the same, livestock roam the streets and they were outdoor peasant markets, including one on red Square.

Question 4

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Urban class and workers living conditions

Answer 4

Facilities needed to improve for the growing urban class workers often found themselves living in barrack buildings owned by the factory owners dangerously overcrowded and lacking in adequate sanitisation. They had to eat at canteen and wash in communal bath houses.

Question 5

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Living conditions of urban workers in Saint Petersburg

Answer 5

40% of houses had no running water or sewage systems excrement was simply set in in the backyard and collected by wooden cart at night. 30,000 inhabitants died of cholera.

Question 6

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
The demand for work and accommodation

Answer 6

The demand was so high that rents remain high often taking half a workers wages those who could not afford rent simply lay down in the factory alongside their machines or live rough on the streets.

Question 7

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Workers wages variation

Answer 7

They varied tremendously according to whether they were skilled or unskilled the occupation followed and the amount of overtime as well as deducted fines. Women however, were among the lowest paid earning less than half the average industrial wage.

Question 8

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Wages and keeping up with inflation

Answer 8

Conditions were at their worst during the industrial depression however even when industry began to revive the wages of industrial workers failed to keep up with the pace of inflation. Inflation at the time was running at 40%.

Question 9

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Factory working hours

Answer 9

Normal factory working hours were reduced to 10 hours by 1914 however this did not apply to workshops.

Question 10

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Education

Answer 10

Education spread there was an 85% rise in primary school provisions between 1905 and 1914. the gov promoted the development of technical schools and universities. Investment in education was far less than in railways and only 55% of children and full-time education by 1914

Question 11

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Towns and cities as the breeding place for political discontent

Answer 11

Political activism was comparatively rare, partly because strike activity was illegal and a secret police. Also, because of the relatively small numbers of workers and their own desperation to get a retain jobs.

Question 12

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Strike activity from 1912-14

Answer 12

Strike activity escalated and in 1914 there were 3574 stoppages the governments only response to activity was oppression.

Question 13

Developments in working and living conditions in towns
Workers strike at the Lena goldfields

Answer 13

When the workers went on strike for better wages and conditions in 1912 troops were sent in and 270 workers were killed in 250 injured.

Question 14

The developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Conditions for peasant farmers

Answer 14

They didn’t improve substantially strip farming persisted on 90% of the land and there was still widespread rural poverty. The rich and poor gap became wide as the kulaks took advantage of the position of the less favoured.

Question 15

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Conditions of the poorest of peasants

Answer 15

They found their lives getting Harsher. And minority migrated to Siberia and they were encouraged by government schemes to sponsor immigration from the overpopulated rural south and west to the new agricultural settlements opened up by the trans Siberian railway.

Question 16

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
The amount of peasants that emigrated to Siberia via the trans Siberian railway scheme

Answer 16

Only 3.5 million from a peasant population of nearly 97,000,000 were able to take advantage of this scheme. However, live standards varied in different parts of the country with more prosperous commercial farming.

Question 17

Developments in working and living conditions in the country side
Lives of former state peasants

Answer 17

They tended to be better off than those of emancipated privately own surf because they had been granted more land. despite improvements &healthcare, a large proportion of the peasantry was turned down as unfit for the military

Question 18

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Morality rates

Answer 18

They were high in those of any other European country and there were two few doctors for the large rural population.

Question 19

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Teachers

Answer 19

They were in short supply he received more than the most basic elementary education and in 1914 I was still around 60% illiteracy.

Question 20

Developments in working and living conditions in the countryside
Large families

Answer 20

Large families mainly lived in primitive wooden huts eating a monotonous daily diet and with few possessions. They were at the bottom of the social ladder and they had a strong sense of community and loyalty to the church and the tsar.

Question 21

Social divisions
Nobility as a whole

Answer 21

They had suffered due to the emancipation, but some had thrived on the favourable arrangements for land distribution or involvement in industrial enterprises and financial speculation.

Question 22

Social divisions
Nobility serving in gov offices and with strong military connections

Answer 22

They retained much of their form influence and lifestyle. One third of all nobles land was transferred to townsman of peasants

Question 23

Social divisions
Struggling nobles

Answer 23

There were certainly nobles who struggled to meet debts and failed to understand money management, investment for the future and the need to adjust living standards accordingly. however there were no redistributive taxation or tax on land wealth to diminish their income.

Question 24

Social divisions
Noble influence

Answer 24

Nicholas encouraged noble influence and was keen to see their power within the local zemstva. The ability were regularly appointed to provincial governor ships and each district of Empire had its own noble assembly.

Question 25

Social divisions
The May 1906 Noble assembly meeting

Answer 25

It showed nobles determination to retain their property rights and national interest in the face of change. This determinations reflected the strength of the class. As a class, they retain much of their previous wealth and status.

Question 26

Social divisions
The middle class

Answer 26

The middle-class expanded as the pace of economic change quickened. Mobility as nobles sons chose to join the business world although peasants through hard work. this group group group as professional positions became more in demand.

Question 27

Social divisions
Middle class as the council

Answer 27

The growing middle-class found their natural home on the council of the zemstva, town and state Dumas where they exerted an influence beyond their size.

Question 28

Social divisions
Workers and peasantry

Answer 28

Population growth in a development affected the workers and peasantry. social adjustments were taking place and peasants activism resulted from failed harvests and unfair land location. However, there was a slow process of pulling peasants away from political activism.

Question 29

Social divisions
Peasants and workers in urban areas

Answer 29

Former peasants alienated from their families and their roots lost something of their form identity and began to associate with others who lived and worked in close proximity.

Question 30

Cultural changes
Patriarchal structure

Answer 30

The patriarchal structure of Russian society remained untouched with ties of family and household predominating however political and economic developments brought new opportunities and aspirations for women.

Question 31

Cultural changes
Women’s educational opportunities
The first or Russian Congress of women

Answer 31

An increased amount of women found great independence through factory work in December 1908. The first Russian Congress of women was attended by 1035 delegates in Saint Petersburg and it campaign for a female franchise.

Question 32

Cultural changes
Growth of education

Answer 32

The growth of education brought change, government expenditure and primary education group from 5,000,000 to 82,000,000 by 1915. 6 .5 million children were receiving primary education however only one third were girls.

Question 33

Cultural changes
Books and publications

Answer 33

Books and publications proliferated, after 95 press there were 1767 newspapers being published at least weekly reading when rims were established and popular literature flourished.

Question 34

Cultural changes
Higher education and university

Answer 34

Hi education remained elitist however between 1860 and 1914 the number of university students in Russia grew to 69,000. although a quarter of students in secondary school came from the peasantry, this was only 30,000 individuals.

Question 35

Cultural changes
Writer and artists addressing social problems through their work
Anton Chekhov

Answer 35

They use the art forms to adjust problems in Russian Society, Chekhov produce a stream of stories and plays from the 1880s about social problems.

Question 36

Cultural changes
Relaxation of censorship controls

Answer 36

This produced the silver age of Russian culture dominated by poets there were experiments in modernism as Music pictures and paintings offered new and shocking challenges to the convention and showed that Russia was culturally as much a part of the modern world as it’s more advanced economic neighbours.

Question 37

Cultural changes
Broadening and diversed culture

Answer 37

Culture changed and diverse to encompass a much wider group than the intelligentsia elites and it mirrored the other changes running through Russian society some aspects of Russian culture and behaviour seem to exhibit little change.

Question 38

The tercentenary celebration

Answer 38

The Emperor and his family drove through the street of Peterborough in open carriages and attended an elaborate Thanksgiving service.

Question 39

Cultural changes
Tercentenary year 1913

Answer 39

Nicholas and Alexandra revelled in their traditional jubilee rituals organised to celebrate the permanency of Romanoffs. Nicholas was convinced that “my people love me.”

Question 40

Cultural changes
Orthodox Church

Answer 40

The orthodox church influenced government and the community, despite the sporadic outbursts. Did traditionalism bought an outpoint of patriotism and support for the when the decision to go to war was announced in 1914.