Alexander lll Flashcards
Why did Alexander make counter reforms
Wanted to take back autocracy and was terrified of revolution so made counter reforms to avoid uprising and to maintain power and control.
Alexander lll beliefs
Absolutism - holding of absolute principles in political matters
Nationalism - idea of loyalty and devotion to a nation
Anti semitism - hatred of Jews
Local government counter reform
1889 land captains
1890 zemstva powers replaced
1892 town councils elections were reduced and controlled by the state
Alexander lll policing
1881-81 Introduced the okhrana that investigated communists and socialist and trade unions
1882 statue of police surveillance gave police tremendous power
Judicial system counter reform of Alexander lll
Decrees of 1885 gave the ministry of justice huge powers and peasant courts were put under control of land, captains in the countryside.
Education, counter reforms of Alexander lll
University appointments had to be approved by the ministry of education
Universities for women were closed and peasant children restricted to primary education
Education was transferred to church responsibility
Extent and impact of counter reforms
The redemption fees were reduced in may 1881 and the poll tax was abolished in may 1885, the right to appeal to hire courts were allowed and peasant land banks were established in 1883.
How did Alexander lll tackle socialism
1882-85
Strike action grew as a result of poor working conditions and Alexander feared a revolution so made policies that aimed at tackling working conditions for women and children.
Russification under Alexander lll
Alexander the third, and his ministers extended this intolerance and aimed at merging all subjects into a single nation to put out the feeling of shared identity with control of the Orthodox Church and the state
Countries affected by Russification
Finland - Russian language was demanded over local language
Poland - polish banks were shut down and Russian literature was to be studied
Ukraine - Ukrainian language was limited and all theatres were closed
Additional effects of Russification
Ethnic uprising were crossed throughout the Empire, the orthodox church influence was encouraged And the freedom of non-orthodox believers such as Catholics were restricted. military conscription was extended into areas that were previously exempt
Results of Russification
Unrest and mass disturbances broke out in many provinces but were quickly suppressed
Resentment grew among the highly educated countries
Fuelled political opposition
Anti semitism under Alexander lll
Anti-Semitism, initially influenced Alexander ll and he reduced Jewish participation in town government.
This resulted in the growth of anti-Semitism of Alexander lll
Jewish pogroms from 1881-84
Anti Jewish riots broke out and authorities did little to stop them. The riots resulted in Jewish property being burnt and shops and businesses being destroyed with many incidents of rape and murder.
May laws of 1882-84
Confined the Jews to live in ghetto in Townsend cities and prevented Jews from running ins and restricted their right to sell alcohol, they also were bidden from participating in local elections, and their overall rights were reduced.
