Nicholas ll

Question 1

What threats did Nicholas ll face

Answer 1

Revolutionary ideologies
World war l
Opposition groups
Industrialisation and modernisation
Food shortages and inflation
Worker strikes and protests

Question 2

Russo Japanese war defeat impact

Answer 2

Inflicted humiliating defeat leading to domestic unrest and catalysing the revolution of 1905. And caused the renewal of duma assemblies and the invitation Zemstva representation.

Question 3

Fundamentalist laws of 1906

Answer 3

Allowed tsar to dissolve Dumas at any point and to control the orthodox, church. To command the army and navy. outturn verdict given in a court of law. These asserted his autocratic principles of power and control.

Question 4

Duma 1 1906

Answer 4

Mostly radical liberals and requested radical reforms. Dissolved in July when Stolypin became prime minister.

Question 5

Duma 2 1907

Answer 5

Bolshevik and Menshevik participated and opposed the government. Dissolved as they refused stolypin reforms.

Question 6

Duma 3 1907

Answer 6

Agreed to the majority of government proposals, but disputed some reforms. Suspended twice in 1911. wanted Nicholas to reestablish the government and appoint new ministers

Question 7

Duma 4 1912

Answer 7

Became a vocal point of opposition to the imperial regime. Ignored by government and dissolved due to political conflict between tsar and duma

Question 8

Political developments by 1914

Answer 8

Stolypin’s ruthless restoration of the country side
Agricultural reform improved agrarian situation
Dumas influence became nonexistent
Revolutionary groups weakened due to police activity

Question 9

Problems of political developments by 1914

Answer 9

Labour troubles resurfaced in 1912 and the influence on tsar and tsarina of Rasputin damaged Nicholas’s reputation among his supporters

Question 10

Sergei witte 1892-1903

Answer 10

Financial minister who developed railway to almost double the size, coal output quadrupled and strengthened the currency. Foreign investment soared and new rouble was introduced backed by the value of gold

Question 11

State developments of heavy industries

Answer 11

State controlled 70% of railway and drove industrialisation, funded public works and development Russia’s infrastructure. Developed mines and oil fields and forests for timber. Reequipped a more efficient army after the Russo Japanese war.

Question 12

From 1884-1913 …..

Answer 12

Russia’s annual growth rate was more than 8% per annum. The growth was particularly marked in railways in heavy industry.

Question 13

Railways positive impacts

Answer 13

Stimulated the development of industries including coal and oil. Allowed extensive exploitation of raw materials and improved communication across the empire. Caused a fall in transportation resulting in reduced cost of goods. Raised state funds through passenger fares.

Question 14

Railways negative impacts

Answer 14

Slowed down from 1908 and during ww1 was only used to transport weapons and food. Drained Russia’s expenditure and cost a lot to run

Question 15

By 1913…..

Answer 15

Russia had the 2nd largest railway network in the world

Question 16

Heavy industry under Alexander lll

Answer 16

Sergi Whitt wanted to concentrate production in developing large factory units of over 1000 or so workers. This led to oil production trebling, light industries and textiles growth and Russia became able to compete with America on the international market

Question 17

By 1914 …..

Answer 17

Russia was the fourth largest producer of coal pig-iron and steel, the world’s second biggest oil produce and forth in gold mining, and the fifth largest industrial power.

Question 18

Developments in agriculture

Answer 18

Stolypin wanted individual peasants to own their land, rather than as a collection of scattered strips. He believed that they should be able to develop it as they wished. Stalling aimed at producing more kulaks partly to win their loyalty to the tsarist regime, and partly to develop the economy.

Question 19

Stolypins reforms 1906-1910

Answer 19

1906- peasant land banks to help raise funds of ownership, more land open for peasant ownership, peasants to be granted equal rights
1907 - redemption fees abolished
1910 - communes were dissolved

Question 20

Positive results of stolypins agricultural reforms

Answer 20

Larger farms were developed as land was transferred, peasant ownership of land was increased, grain production rose annually, 3.5 million peasants moved away from overpopulated rural district. kulaks prospered and became a rural elite

Question 21

Limitations of stolypins, agricultural reforms

Answer 21

Changes to land arrangements were a long process, only 10% of land had been transferred from communal to private ownership. 90% of peasants were still holding traditional strips. 50% of land remain in the hands of nobility. Fewer than one percent achieved kulak status.

Question 22

liberal opposition

Answer 22

Liberalism is a political and more philosophy based on the rights of an individual. Right to private property and equality before the law

Question 23

The growth of liberal opposition to 1905

Answer 23

1899 radical members secretly met up to discuss reforms
1903 Union of liberation pushed for constitutional system through which urban workers could campaign to improve their conditions.
1904 union invited representatives of the Zemstvas to a grand meeting

Question 24

Social Democratic Party 1898

Answer 24

Believed that the working class had been exploited by their masters would be the product of class struggle.

Question 25

Social Democratic party split 1903

Answer 25

Split into Bolshevik and Menshevik over a dispute of Bolsheviks believing in revolutionary assassinations to make change happen

Question 26

Social revolutionary party 1899

Answer 26

Combined Marxist teaching with populist ideas, and try to reunite peasants and workers in fighting against autocracy. Attempted to stir up discontent in the countryside and strikes in the towns.

Question 27

Trade unions 1905

Answer 27

Legalised after the 1905 Revolution enclosed down after 1906. In 1912, the shooting of unarmed demonstrators at the Lena Goldfield massacre triggered a wave of strikes, but these were forcefully suppressed

Question 28

How were the social Democratic party and revolutionary party weakened

Answer 28

Their leaders were exiled
Rivalry between both parties
The social democratic split
Secret police (Okhrana) success
Lack of finance
shortage of secret printing presses