Alexander ll

Question 1

How did the emancipation edict impact peasants 1861

Answer 1

Freed them of noble control and gave peasants the right to own property increasing there opportunity to work in the cities

Question 2

Negative impacts of the peasants from the emancipation edict

Answer 2

Peasants had little rights and had to pay redemptions fees, land allocations were rarely fair with little opportunity for peasants to adopt farming methods.

Question 3

Negative impact of landowners from emancipation edict

Answer 3

Loss influence and land however received compensation from the state to pay of debt

Question 4

Negative impact of nobles from the emancipation edict

Answer 4

Lost money, leading to bankruptcy and lost ownership of peasants, however they were able to dominate in military operations and government operations.

Question 5

Local government reform 1864-70

Answer 5

Zemstevas were appointed control and improvement of public services, composed of men who understood the locality and its needs.

Question 6

Problem with local government reform

Answer 6

Power of the zemstvas were limited with no control over taxes and they attracted doctors and teachers who used the meetings to debate political issues.

Question 7

Judiciary reform 1864

Answer 7

Courts established equality before the law and the accused were innocent until proven guilty. Judges were trained and appointed by the tsar and Courts were open for the public

Question 8

Problems with judiciary reform

Answer 8

Lawyers could criticise and some judges let of the accused out of sympathy. There were also limitations and exclusions involved in the court system.

Question 9

Education reform 1863-64

Answer 9

Universities could govern themselves and education was open to all genders and classes. Responsibility of education was transferred from the Orthodox Church and university attendance grew

Question 10

Problems with the educational reform

Answer 10

University independence grew increasing the numbers of radical thinkers

Question 11

Military reforms 1874-75

Answer 11

Conscription grew across all classes and punishments were less severe there was better provisions and modern weapons. Also dissolved using the military as a punishment for criminal offences

Question 12

Problems with military reforms

Answer 12

Rich could avoid conscription problems with leadership and supply continued and officer class was heavily aristocratic

Question 13

Censorship reform 1858-70

Answer 13

Censorship of newspapers and books were relaxed and could be published without tsar acceptance

Question 14

Problem with censorship reform

Answer 14

Critical writing increased and government control was re tightened in the 1870s

Question 15

Alexander and reverse of reforms 1866

Answer 15

Following an attempt on his life, Alexander adopted and more oppressive policy and took back all of his reforms.

Question 16

Alexander ll education counter reform

Answer 16

Church regained responsibility and universities were replaced with government control and Zemstva powers over education was reduced

Question 17

Police and law control counter reform of Alexander ll

Answer 17

Appointed the third selection which strengthen the police and increased persecution of ethnic and religious minorities. ‘Show trials’ were held, which aimed at deterring others from revolutionary activity.

Question 18

Economic situation of Alexander ll

Answer 18

Remained rural due to inhospitable territory and climate and serfdom was a backwardness limiting forces and drove change. This included wage earners, internal market, demand and entrepreneurs.

Question 19

How did serfdom limit wage earners

Answer 19

Serf were poor and managed to survive on products they grew. There was a lack in the change of farming methods and little opportunity for them to develop into wage earners

Question 20

How did serfdom limit internal market demand

Answer 20

Goods were exchanged rather than purchased. Market forces were beginning to develop as peasants started working in towns when farming was slack.

Question 21

How did serfdom limit entrepreneurs?

Answer 21

The small land owning elite could obtain what they needed from the service and work of serfs, however, many landowners were in debt and had to seek alternative ways of making money.

Question 22

What were the positive effects of Alexander ll reforms?

Answer 22

It increased economic activity and the development of banking institutions and the countries rail and communications networks were improved.

Question 23

What were the negative impacts of Alexander the second reforms

Answer 23

They failed to create popular support of the tsarist regime as Alexander as many were left unsatisfied

Question 24

Home reactions and responses to Alexander ll reforms

Answer 24

His policies were criticised by liberals and conservatives, as they believe that he had not done enough to transform society. Conservatives were angry at the erosion of the rights that the nobles had always held.

Question 25

Alexander ll opposition groups

Answer 25

The Tchaikovsky circle
Radical thinkers
Peoples will
Narodniks
Black repartition

Question 26

Alexander ll and maintaining continuity

Answer 26

-1/3 of spendage went to debt, army
-Serfs had too little land to profit from
-Raised tariffs
-Tax system kept peasants poor

Question 27

Reasons for emancipation edict

Answer 27

• political ~ question tsar authority
• military ~ defeated by many wars
• economic ~ no trade and huge debt
• social ~ class divide, not middle class

Question 28

How many primary schools were built under the 1863-4

Answer 28

8000 in 1856 to 25,000 in 1880