Social development + Erik Erikson

Question 1

What is social behaviour?

Answer 1

Any action that is influenced, directly or indirectly, by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others.

Question 2

What are some early social behaviours?

Answer 2

Newborn infants both smile and cry
- caregivers respond to these behaviours as if they were social

Question 3

What does Erikson’s theory of psychological development describe?

Answer 3

impact of certain social and cultural experiences on our social, emotional and personality development throughout lifespan.

Question 4

How did Erikson view psychological development?

Answer 4

progression through eight sequential stages. Deals with a crisis at each stage.

Question 5

What is a psychological crisis? (Erikson)

Answer 5

Personal conflict faced in adjusting to society. Struggle between two opposing tendencies.

Question 6

Stage 1

Answer 6

Birth to 18 months. trust v mistrust

Question 7

Stage 2

Answer 7

18mnths-3years autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 8

Stage 3

Answer 8

3-5 years. initiative vs guilt

Question 9

Stage 4

Answer 9

5-12 years. industry vs inferiority.

Question 10

Stage 5

Answer 10

12-18 years. identity vs role confusion

Question 11

Stage 6

Answer 11

18-25 years. intimacy vs isolation.

Question 12

Stage 7

Answer 12

25-65 years, generativity vs stagnation.

Question 13

Stage 8

Answer 13

65+ years, integrity vs despair.

Question 14

What is an age-based stage?

Answer 14

People go through each stage due to individual’s unique life experiences. Stages can overlap.

Question 15

Why were age-based stages important?

Answer 15

necessary to experience each crisis (but not always resolve) before proceeding to next stage.

Question 16

Appraisal of Erikson’s theory

Answer 16

• Lack of experimental evidence
• overlooks female development in general
• belief identify is found in adolescence
• difficult to generalise

Question 17

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 17

• inconsistency of responding to the infant’s needs (Erikson)
  
  • Trust - secure attachment (Ainsworth)
  • Mistrust - insecure attachment
• Mistrust can cause anxiety and more later in life

Question 18

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 18

² Autonomy - being more independent, being able to do things
² Shame - too dependent on caregivers, lack of self confidence
○ Shamed by someone on the outside, by a parent or someone else
Learning what they can do, what is safe to do

Question 19

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 19

² Initiative - Child has developed a sense of consequence and choices. Initiative to try new things, new skills. E.g a ball can roll because it is round. Encouraged by parents helps them explore
○ Cognitive ability has increased, thought behind actions
○ More planning and thought
² Guilt - if held back by parents, can develop guilt about their skills and what they can do
○ From within
Mental processes and how they see themselves and what they can do

Question 20

Industry vs inferiority

Answer 20

• Children who are praised for their skills become more productive
• Inferiority - those who are not validated for their actions become less productive
  Influenced by peers and significant adults

Question 21

Identity vs role-confusion

Answer 21

• Child learns their roles, re-examines their identity
• Failure to do so will end in role-confusion
  Critisised often, many adults also are finding their identity. However, Erikson did identify overlap.