Cognitive bias

Question 1

What is stereotyping?

Answer 1

Generalisation about personal characteristics of members of a social group, which may lead to stigmitisation.

Can be positive, negative or neutral, and can lead to prejudice.

Question 2

Cognitive bias

Answer 2

Systematic error or judgement and faulty decision-making

Question 3

Stigmitisation

Answer 3

Negative social label associated with disapproval or rejection by others not labeled in that way.

Question 4

How does cognitive bias have an effect?

Answer 4

Can have powerful influence on thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

○ Decision-making, choices (such as medical practice mental health care, education, etc.)

Question 5

8 types of cognitive bias

Answer 5

Anchoring, attentional, confirmation, false-consensus, hindsight, misinformation, optimism and Dunning-Kruger

Question 6

What is anchoring bias

Answer 6

Tendency to rely on first piece of information recieved (anchor)

Question 7

How does anchoring bias effect decision-making?

Answer 7

Anchor not modified and can lead to poor decision-making when anchor information incorrect

Question 8

What is attenional bias?

Answer 8

Tendency prioritise attention to certain information over other information

e.g buying hoodie for size and colour instead of durability.

Question 9

Effect on decision-making:

Attentional bias

Answer 9

May not weigh up all pros and cons, considerall options and outcomes.

Question 10

Confirmation bias

Answer 10

Tendency to seek, recall or interpret information in a way that confirms existing beliefs or expectations.

Info interpreted to own bias while ignoring contradictory evidence

Helps individual justify their beliefs and downplay or not see contradictory evidence

Question 11

Confirmation bias

Answer 11

Info interpreted to own bias while ignoring contradictory evidence

Question 12

Effect on decision-making:

Confirmation bias

Answer 12

Dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence
- leads to bad choice and decision-making due to failure accessing all possible information.

Question 13

False-consensus bias

Answer 13

Assumption other are much more like them than they actually are.

tendency yo overestimate extent to which others are like them

Beliefs, peronal characteristics, behaviours.

Question 14

What is hindsight bias?

Answer 14

Tendency, after event occured, to overestimate extent to which outcome could have been predicted.

Info acquired after event to influence accuracy of relocation of event

Will mistakenly recall info acquired as part of the event instead of actual information form event.

Question 15

Optimism bias

Answer 15

Tendency to overestimate chances to experience + events and underestimate - events in future

Question 16

Effect on decision-making:

Optimism bias

Answer 16

Can be motivating and lead someone to take difficult challenges and believe they are more likely to achieve success than mosfortune than others.

Question 17

Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 17

Tendency to overestimate knowledge or ability in ares they lack knowledge or experience

Do not have cognitive ability to recognise their own incompetence.

Question 18

Effect on decision-making:

Dunning-Kruger effect

Answer 18

• Lack of knowledge about subject, poor self-awareness of ignorance and low cog. Ability leading to overestimation of own capabilities.

Leads to overestimation of own capabilities.

Leads to incorrect conclusions and inappropriate choices