Social Development Flashcards
define Psychosocial Development
The changes in feelings, self-concept , interpersonal thought, and behaviour across the lifespan.
name the different models/perspectives of psychosocial development
Vygotsky and socio-cultural perspective
Erikson and psychodynamic perspective
Bowlby and attachment theory
what is Vygotsky’s theory of development?
- the use of culture to gain control over self and environment
- emphasis on the role of social interaction in development
- Children learn from observing and imitating others
- Zone of Proximal Development
What is a Zone of Proximal Development?
a continuum of Cognitive development ranging from a child’s solo performance to a collaborative cooperation of cognitive development to
What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?
- Erikson’s Psychodynamic theory
- emphasis on social influences and rational/active resolutions of conflict
- 8 stages in the development of personality/identity where each stage of life is characterise by a different psychological crisis to be resolved before the next stage
What are the 8 Stages of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0 - 1yr)
Autonomy vs. Shame/doubt (1 - 3yr)
Initiative vs Guilt (3 - 6yr)
Industry vs Inferiority (7 - 11yr)
Identity vs Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
Intimacy vs isolation (early adulthood
Generativity vs Stragnation (mid adulthood)
Integrity vs Dispair (50+)
What is attachment?
The enduring emotional tie between child and primary care giver
Bowlby agues that attachment serves 2 major functions of …
Survival function
nurturance /security unction
Phases of Bowlby’s Attachment Theory
Phase 1: Indiscriminate sociability (Birth - 2 mth)
- actively responding to promote contact and affection, less selective about attenders than when older
Phase 2: attachments in the making (2 - 7 mth)
- increased preference for most familiar individual, preference reinforces parents affection, tolerate temporary parental separation
Phase 3: Specific, clear cut attachments (7 - 24 mth)
- preferences become much stronger, emergence of separation and stranger anxiety
Phase 4: goal-coordinated partnership (24 mth+)
- +memory of event/objects and understanding of feelings and POV, increase tolerance for parental separation, allows cooperation with other to meet needs
What are the 4 patterns of attachment?
Secure: child welcomes mothers return and seeks closeness
Avoidant: child ignores mother
Ambivalent: child exhibit anger at mother while seeking to be close to her
Disorganised: child may approach mother but gaze away, may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial experessions
Parental behaviour and child characteristics of Authoritative parenting style
Parent - set and enforce reasonable standards, encourage give-and-take, value discipline and respect child’s opinion
Child - independent, socially responsible, self-controlled, explorative, self-reliant
Parental behaviour and child characteristics of Authoritarian parenting style
Parent - highly value obedience and respect for authority, critical towards child, discourage discussion, reject emotion , don’t promote autonomy
child - withdrawn, disconnected, distrustful towards others
Parental behaviour and child characteristics of permissive parenting style
parent - non-controlling, non-demanding, little punishment or exercise of power, use reasoning, accepting
Child - Lack self-reliance and self-control
Parental behaviour and child characteristics of uninvolved parenting style
parent - emotionless, indifferent, non-controlling, parent centred rather than child-centred
Child - disruptions of attachment and peer relationships, behavioural problems
why are peer relationships important?
peer groups are a major influence on social development
peer interactions:
- provide alternate interactions
- teach emotional control and communication
- forces use of social perspective taking skills
- contribute to social congative and moral development
