Social Development Flashcards
What is attachment?
The enduring ties of affection that children form with their primary caregivers
What is separation anxiety?
Emotional distress experienced by infants when separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
What is the biological perspective of attachment?
Infants are programmed by evolution to exhibit endearing behaviour that triggers an affectionate, protective response from adults
What are the four patterns of attachment?
Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganised
In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a secure pattern of attachment?
Child welcomed mother’s return and sought closeness to her
In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a avoidant pattern of attachment?
Child ignored mother
In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a ambivalent pattern of attachment?
Child exhibited anger at mother while seeking to be close to her
In the Strange Situation paradigm, what behaviour demonstrated a disorganised pattern of attachment?
Child approached mother while gazing away, exhibited odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expressions
What do individual differences in attachment styles relate to?
Different patterns of/satisfaction with everyday interactions
What does adult attachment refer to?
Ways of experiencing attachment relationships in adulthood
What is socialisation?
The process by which children learn the beliefs, values, skills and behaviour patterns of their society
What are two issues in socialisation?
- Socialisation is lifelong and interactive
- Socialisation occurs within a broad social and economic context
What are the four styles of parenting?
1) Authoritarian: High value on obedience/respect for authority
2) Permissive: Impose minimal controls
3) Authoritative: Enforce standards, but encourage verbal give-and-take
4) Uninvolved: Neglectful, place themselves above children
What does the guidance approach of parenting involve?
Parents helping their children to manage their behaviours and learn considerate behaviours
What do gender roles specify?
The range of behaviours considered appropriate for males and females
What does gender refer to?
The psychological meaning of being male or female, influenced by learning
What is sex typing?
The process by which children acquire personality traits, emotional responses, skills, behaviours and preferences that are culturally considered appropriate to their sex
True or false: Childhood friendships are almost exclusively same-sex
True
What characterises friendships in young children?
Self gratification (friends give things)
What characterises friendships in older childhood and adolescence?
Intimacy (mutual self disclosure and empathy)
What are the characteristics of rejected children?
Disliked by their peers, bullied/bullies, low self-esteem in later life
What are the characteristics of neglected children?
Not mentioned as either liked or disliked, show better academic performance
What do sibling relationships involve?
Rivalry and conflict as well as warmth
What is self concept?
An organised view of ourselves or way of representing information about ourselves
When is visual self recognition evident?
By 15-24 months of age
How do toddlers characterise themselves?
Based on broad, concrete dimensions centred around age and gender
What is a theory of mind?
An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states in the self and others
What three stages do children go through in relation to understanding gender?
1) Gender identity: Categorise themselves/others as male/female
2) Gender stability: Understand that their gender remains constant over time
3) Gender constancy: Understand that a person’s gender cannot be altered by changes in appearance or activities
What does morality refer to?
The rules that people use to balance the conflicting interests of themselves and others
What are Piaget’s two stages of moral development?
Morality of constraint and morality of cooperation
What occurs during the morality of constraint stage of moral development?
Children (<9-10 yrs) conform to social rules, believe that morals are absolute
What occurs during the morality of cooperation stage of moral development?
Older children/adults view rules as strategies for keeping social interactions fair, safe and comfortable; rules can be changed with mutual consent
What are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral development?
1) Preconventional morality: People follow moral rules either to avoid punishment or obtain rewards
2) Conventional morality: Individuals define what is right by the standards they have learned from other people
3) Postconventional morality: People reason using abstract, self-defined moral principles that may not match convention
What is the cognitive-social approach to moral development?
Focuses on moral behaviour rather than moral reasoning, suggests moral behaviours are learned trough conditioning and modelling
What is prosocial behaviour?
Behaviour that benefits other individuals or groups
What is the psychodynamic approach to moral development?
Children begin moral development as narcissistic, conscience arises through identification with parents; emphasises the role of guilt
What does Erikson’s model of psychosocial development consist of?
Eight stages spanning the lifespan, at each of the stages an individual faces a developmental task
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?
1) Basic trust vs mistrust
2) Autonomy vs shame/doubt
3) Initiative vs guilt
4) Industry vs inferiority
5) Identity vs confusion
6) Intimacy vs isolation
7) Generativity vs stagnation
8) Integrity vs despair
What are the three key resources for healthy adjustment to retirement?
Good physical health, adequate finances, long-term marital relationship
