Attitudes & Social Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an attitude?

A

An association between an act or object and an evaluation. Involves positive and negative impressions and 3 components (cognitive, emotional, behavioural)

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2
Q

What is attitude strength?

A

The durability and impact of an attitude

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3
Q

What two variables affect attitude strength?

A

Attitude importance (personal relevance/psychological significance) and attitude accessibly (ease at which an attitude comes to mind)

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4
Q

What are implicit attitudes?

A

Associations between attitude objects and feelings about them that regulate thought and behaviour unconsciously and automatically

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5
Q

What is cognitive complexity?

A

The intricacy of thoughts about difference attitude objects

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6
Q

What does attitude ambivalence refer to?

A

Positive and negative feelings

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7
Q

What is attitudinal coherence?

A

Internal consistency

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8
Q

When are attitudes likely to predict behaviour?

A
  • When attitude and behaviour are specific
  • Environmental reinforcement matches attitude
  • Important others share the attitude
  • Attitudes are implicit (unconscious)
  • Attitude is strong
  • Attitude has developed from personal experience
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9
Q

What are attitudes shaped by?

A

Experiences, the messenger and personality characteristics

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10
Q

What does persuasion refer to?

A

Deliberate efforts to change an attitude held by another

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11
Q

What are the components of effective persuasion?

A

The source, message, channel, context and receiver

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12
Q

What does the Elaboration Likelihood model suggest?

A

There are two routes through which people can be persuaded (central and peripheral)

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13
Q

What does the central route of persuasion involve?

A

Considering persuasive arguments carefully

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14
Q

What does the peripheral route of persuasion involve?

A

Responding to persuasive arguments with snap judgements

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15
Q

What does the foot-in-door technique of persuasion involve?

A

Starting with a small request and then making a bigger one

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16
Q

What does the door-in-face technique of persuasion involve?

A

Starting with a large request and moving to a smaller one when that is refused

17
Q

What is an example of the low-ball technique of persuasion?

A

Sales people offering to sell a product below normal asking price, then mentioning all the additional necessary items after payment has been agreed

18
Q

What does the cognitive dissonance theory suggest?

A

Attitudes/cognitions are changed after experiencing tension between two or more conflicting thoughts (i.e. A & B conflict, so choosing C)

19
Q

What does the self perception theory suggest?

A

People infer their attitudes from their behaviour

20
Q

What is social cognition?

A

The process by which people make sense of themselves, others, social interactions and relationships

21
Q

What are perceptions of other people influenced by?

A

Physical appearance, nonverbal communication, environments, behaviours and frequency of encounters

22
Q

What is the halo effect of social cognition?

A

The tendency to assume that positive qualities cluster together

23
Q

What are four types of schemas formed in regards to social cognition?

A

Person, situation, role and relationship schemas

24
Q

What is the authoritarian personality characterised by?

A

A tendency to hate people who are different or downtrodden

25
Q

What does prejudice reflect?

A

Socialisation processes from parent to child

26
Q

What are attributions?

A

Ways of explaining the behaviour of others

27
Q

What are the two types of attributions?

A

Internal (explain behaviour in terms of personal characteristics) and external (explain behaviour in terms of the situation/environment)

28
Q

What do attributions depend on?

A

Consensus, consistency and distinctiveness

29
Q

When are external attributions likely to be made?

A

When many people behave the same way (consensus) or if a behaviour is distinctive

30
Q

When are internal attributions likely to be made?

A

When a behaviour is consistent

31
Q

What processes modulate attribution?

A

Discounting, augmentation and attributional style

32
Q

What is the fundamental attribution error?

A

When people overestimate the impact of internal factors and underestimate the impact of situation factors while evaluating the behaviour of others

33
Q

What does the self serving bias suggest?

A

People attribute success to personal factors and failures to situational factors

34
Q

What is self concept?

A

A schema that guides thinking and memory relevant to the self

35
Q

How do collectivist cultures (e.g. Asian cultures) view the self?

A

As interdependent and defined in terms of social relationships

36
Q

How do individualist cultures (e.g. Australia) view the self?

A

As independent, defined in terms of personal attributes

37
Q

What is self consistency?

A

The motive to interpret information to fit the way people already see themselves