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Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What does learning refer to?

A

Any enduring change in the way an organism responds based on its experience

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2
Q

What is habituation?

A

The decreasing strength of a reflex response after repeated presentations of the stimulus

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning also known as?

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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4
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A stimulus acquires a capacity to produce a response that was previously produced by a different stimulus

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5
Q

In classical conditioning, what is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response

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6
Q

In classical conditioning, what is an conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that, through learning, comes to elicit a response

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7
Q

In classical conditioning, what is a conditioned response?

A

A response that has been learned

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8
Q

In the dog salivation example of classical conditioning, what is

a) the neutral stimulus
b) the unconditioned stimulus
c) the unconditioned response
d) the conditioned stimulus
e) the conditioned response?

A

a) bell ringing
b) meat
c) salivation
d) bell ringing
e) salivation

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9
Q

What is the inter-stimulus interval?

A

The time between the presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus and the order of presentation

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10
Q

What are the four types of classical conditioning?

A
  • Simultaneous conditioning (CS and UCS begin and end together)
  • Short-delayed conditioning (CS begins just before UCS, end together)
  • Trace (forward) conditioning (CS begins and ends before UCS is presented)
  • Backward conditioning (UCS begins and ends before CS is presented)
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11
Q

When does stimulus generalisation occur?

A

When an organism learns to respond to stimuli that resemble the CS with a similar response

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12
Q

When does stimulus discrimination occur?

A

When an organism learns to respond to a restricted range of stimuli (e.g. Pavlov’s dogs could discriminate between bell sounds)

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13
Q

In classical conditioning, when does extinction occur?

A

When a CR is weakened by presentation of the CS without the UCS; a learned inhibition of responding

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14
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

The short-lived re-emergence of a previously extinguished CR

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15
Q

What does extinction have important implications for?

A

Treatment of phobias

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16
Q

What are four areas of everyday life in which conditioning is evident?

A

Fears, emotional responses, physiological responses and drug effects

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17
Q

What is higher-order conditioning?

A

When a new CS is developed from an existing CS/CR (e.g. red light + bell ringing = salivation)

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18
Q

How does individual learning history affect conditioning?

A
  • Prior history with stimuli
  • Biological preparedness
  • Blocking & latent inhibition
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19
Q

What is blocking?

A

The failure of a stimulus to elicit a CR when it is combined with another stimulus that already elicits the response

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20
Q

What is latent inhibition?

A

The initial exposure to a neutral stimulus without a UCS slows the process of later learning the CS-UCS association and developing a CR (e.g. bell repeatedly ringing without presentation of meat)

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21
Q

What is prepared learning?

A

The evolved tendency of some associations to be learned more readily than others

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22
Q

What are operant behaviours?

A

Behaviours that are influenced by their consequences

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23
Q

What does the law of effect state?

A

Behaviour is controlled by its consequences

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24
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning to operate on the environment to produce a consequence

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25
Q

What are the two types of environmental consequences that produce operant conditioning?

A

Reinforcement and punishment

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26
Q

What is a reinforcer?

A

An environmental consequence that occurs after a response has been produced and makes the response more likely to recur

27
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

When a behaviour is strengthened because it is followed by a rewarding stimulus

28
Q

What are reinforcement contingencies?

A

The circumstances that determine whether the response leads to a reinforcer

29
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Unlearned reinforcers that satisfy a biological need (e.g. food)

30
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A

Conditioned reinforcers that are learnt after being associated with primary reinforcers (e.g. money)

31
Q

What is the operant conditioning process?

A

1) Discriminative stimulus that occurs before the behaviour and signals that a consequence is now available
2) Response that produces a consequence
3) Consequence that serves to increase/decrease probability of the preceding behaviour

32
Q

What is acquisition?

A

The initial stage of learning the associated between a behaviour and a reinforcer (gradual process)

33
Q

What is shaping?

A

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour

34
Q

What is extinction (in operant conditioning)?

A

The gradual weakening and elimination of the response tendency achieved through halting the reinforcement

35
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

When a behaviour is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

36
Q

What is escape learning?

A

Learning of a response that allows a subject to escape an unpleasant stimulus (e.g. applying after sun cream to sunburn)

37
Q

What is avoidance learning?

A

Learning of a response that allows a subject to avoid an unpleasant stimulus (e.g. putting on sunscreen to avoid sunburn)

38
Q

What is punishment?

A

Weakening a tendency to make a response

39
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Giving a punisher to reduce a behaviour

40
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removing a pleasant stimuli to reduce a behaviour

41
Q

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

A

Consequence is the same every time a behaviour is performed

42
Q

What is a intermittent (partial) reinforcement schedule?

A

An action sometimes leads to a reinforcement but other times does not

43
Q

What are the two types of intermittent reinforcement schedules?

A

Ratio (fixed/variable) and interval (fixed/variable) schedules

44
Q

What are ratio schedules?

A

Pay-offs are tied to the number of responses emitted, i.e. only a fraction of correct behaviours receive reinforcement

45
Q

What are interval schedules?

A

Pay-offs are tied to an interval of time

46
Q

What is a fixed ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcer is given after a fixed number of responses (e.g. working on an assembly line, paid for the number of toys assembled)

47
Q

What is a variable ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcer is given after a random number of responses (e.g. pokies)

48
Q

What is a fixed interval schedule?

A

Reinforcer is given for the first response after a fixed interval of time (e.g. being paid for a job at the end of the week)

49
Q

What is a variable interval schedule?

A

Reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable interval of time (e.g. waiting for a bus)

50
Q

What does the cognitive-social theory of learning state?

A

Expectations are formed about the consequences of behaviours

51
Q

What is the locus of control?

A

The expectation of whether or not fate determines outcome in life

52
Q

What is an internal locus?

A

Belief that actions determine fate

53
Q

What is an external locus?

A

Belief that life is governed by greater forces

54
Q

What are cognitive maps?

A

Mental representations or images

55
Q

What is latent learning?

A

Learning that has occurred but is not currently obvious in behaviour

56
Q

What is insight?

A

The sudden understanding of the relation between a problem and a solution

57
Q

What is explanatory style?

A

The way people make sense of bad events

58
Q

What does social learning refer to?

A

Learning that occurs through social interactions

59
Q

What is a major form of social learning?

A

Observational learning

60
Q

What are four key processes of observational learning?

A

Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation

61
Q

What is modelling?

A

Learning to reproduce behaviour exhibited by a model

62
Q

What is vicarious conditioning?

A

Learning by observing the consequences of a behaviour for someone else

63
Q

What is tutelage?

A

When people learn through direct instruction

Psychology (10 decks)

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