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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

The retention, retrieval and use of information after the information source is no longer available

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2
Q

What are the three types of memory stores?

A

Sensory, short-term and long-term

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3
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Brief preservation of information in its original form, lasts approx half a second after the stimulus has disappeared

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4
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Momentary memory for visual information (i.e. visual trace)

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5
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Momentary memory for auditory information

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6
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

A memory store that holes a small amount of information in the consciousness, lasts 20-30 seconds without repetition

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7
Q

What is the limited capacity of short-term memory?

A

Holds an average of 7 items +/- 2

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8
Q

What is maintenance rehearsal?

A

The process of repeating information over and over to retain it in short-term memory

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9
Q

What is elaborative rehearsal?

A

The process of thinking about information while committing it to memory (i.e. long-term memory)

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10
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

The representations of information that may persist over a lifetime, potentially limitless in duration & capacity

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11
Q

What is retrieval?

A

The process of bringing information from long-term memory back into short-term memory

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12
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

The tendency to remember information towards the beginning and end of a list rather than in the middle

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13
Q

On the serial position curve, what does the primacy effect reflect?

A

Long-term memory

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14
Q

On the serial position curve, what does the recency effect reflect?

A

Short-term memory

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15
Q

What does working memory refer to?

A

The temporary storage and processing of information that can be used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands or achieve goals

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16
Q

True or false: Working memory is active memory

A

True

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17
Q

What are the three components of working memory?

A

Central executive (divides attention), visual memory store (imagination) & verbal memory store

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18
Q

True or false: Working memory does not influence ability to control focus of attention

A

False

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19
Q

What is chunking?

A

Using knowledge stored in LTM to group information in larger units to expand working memory capacity (e.g. phone numbers)

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20
Q

What are the two ways in which information is stored in long-term memory?

A

Declarative and procedural memory

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21
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Facts and events, subdivided into semantic and episodic memory

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22
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General world knowledge or facts

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23
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Autobiographical events

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24
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

‘How to’ knowledge of procedures and skills

25
Q

What are the two ways in which knowledge is expressed from long-term memory?

A

Explicit and implicit memory

26
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Conscious recollection of information

27
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Memory that is unconsciously expressed in behaviour, e.g. tying a shoelace

28
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory?

A

Recall and recognition

29
Q

What is recall and what is the phenomenon experienced when recall fails?

A

Spontaneous, conscious recollection of information from LTM; tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

30
Q

What is recognition?

A

The explicit sense or recollection that something currently perceived has been previously encountered or learned

31
Q

What is everyday memory?

A

Memory as it occurs in daily life

32
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Memory for things that need to be done in the future

33
Q

What is retrospective memory?

A

Memory for events from the past or previously learned information

34
Q

What must happen in order for information to be retrievable from memory?

A

Encoding

35
Q

What does level of processing refer to?

A

The degree to which information is elaborated, reflected upon and processed in a meaningful way during storage

36
Q

What are the three levels of processing?

A

Structural (shallow), phonemic (intermediate) and semantic (deep)

37
Q

What is elaboration?

A

The process of linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding (i.e. thinking of examples)

38
Q

What is visual imagery?

A

The creation of visual images to represent words

39
Q

What does the encoding specificity principle refer to?

A

Ease of retrieval depends on the match between the way information is encoded and later retrieved (e.g. studying multiple choice for an essay exam = poor recall)

40
Q

What does context-dependent memory refer to?

A

Information is easier to recall when it is encoded and retrieved in the same context (e.g. studying in a quiet room)

41
Q

What does mood congruent memory refer to?

A

Information is easier to recall when it is encoded and retrieved in the same emotional state

42
Q

Why does having the same context during encoding and retrieval facilitate recall?

A

Because the context provides retrieval cues

43
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Superiority of memory for information rehearsed over longer intervals

44
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

Systematic strategies for remembering information

45
Q

What does the mnemonic device, method of loci use?

A

Visual imagery as a memory aid

46
Q

What is the SQ4R method?

A

A study designed to help students study textbook material efficiently by encouraging them to survey, question, read, recite, review and write

47
Q

What do pieces of information stored in memory form?

A

Networks of association

48
Q

What are networks of associated composed of?

A

Interconnected nodes that contain information

49
Q

How do schemas affect the way people remember?

A

1) By influencing the way information is encoded

2) By shaping the way information is reconstructed

50
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A

Vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events

51
Q

What is the misinformation effect (MPI)?

A

Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event can change how that person later describes the event

52
Q

What types of people are most at risk for misinformation?

A

People with poor general memory, high scores on imagery vividness and high empathy scores

53
Q

What three errors can occur during eyewitness testimony?

A

Errors due to attention/arousal, familiarity and suggestion

54
Q

What are the three theories of forgetting?

A

Decay, interference and motivated forgetting

55
Q

What does the decay theory suggest?

A

Forgetting is the result of a memory trace fading due to disuse

56
Q

What does the interference theory refer to?

A

Conflict between new and old memories; proactive = old interferes with new, retroactive = new interferes with old

57
Q

What does motivated forgetting suggest?

A

Forgetting can avoid painful memories

58
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to retain new memories

59
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Losing memories from a period of time before brain damage occurred

Psychology (10 decks)

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