Social Development

Question 1

What does Social Development encompass?

Answer 1

Changes in feeling, interpersonal thought, and behavior across the life span.

Question 2

What does attachment refer to?

Answer 2

An enduring emotional tie between a child and primary caregiver.

Question 3

What does attachment involve?

Answer 3

1. The desire of child to be close to caregiver.
2. A sense of security around the caregiver.
3. Feelings of distress when caregiver is absent.
4. Interaction between two people who react to each others signals.

Question 4

What did early attachment theories propose?

Answer 4

That attachment is usually between a mother and child and may reflect feeding.

Question 5

What did research by Harlow (1959) suggest?

Answer 5

That contact comfort was the crucial element in forming attachment relationships.

Question 6

What is imprinting?

Answer 6

The tendency of young animals to follow and animal to which they were exposed during a sensitive period.

Question 7

What did Bowlby argue?

Answer 7

1. That attachment resembles imprinting (keep infant close to its caregiver)
2. Young are comforted by caregiver and are distressed in its absence.

Question 8

What is separation anxiety?

Answer 8

1. Distress and separation from caregiver.

2. Has a maturational basis, usually begins as infant begins to crawl.

Question 9

What is the Strange Situation paradigm used to measure?

Answer 9

Assess attachment in children.

Question 10

What are the four patterns of attachment according to Strange Situation paradigm?

Answer 10

1. Secure.
2. Avoidant.
3. Ambivalent (exhibits anger whilst seeking to be close.
4. Disorganized. (gazes away, odd motor movements, dazed facial expression)

Question 11

What are the three factors in the development of attachment style?

Answer 11

1. Biological (increase in norepinephrine NT during separation).
2. Environmental (Sensitivity of mother to infant).
3. Temperament of the infant (easy, difficult, or slow to warm up).

Question 12

What are internal working models?

Answer 12

Mental representations of attachment relationships that form the basis for expectations.

Question 13

How may temperament and experience influence attachment?

Answer 13

The three infant temperaments of easy, difficult, and slow to warm up may mirror secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment style.

Question 14

What is adult attachment style?

Answer 14

The experiencing of attachment relationships in adults.

Question 15

Can individuals with negative attachment overcome it?

Answer 15

Problems in early childhood have no appreciative impact just make individuals vulnerable.

Question 16

What is socialization?

Answer 16

The process by which children learn beliefs, values, skills, and behavior patterns of their society.

Question 17

What are the four parenting styles?

Answer 17

1. Authoritarian (high value on obedience and respect for authority).
2. Permissive
3. Authoritative (set standards and firmly enforce them, however place high value on give and take and the respect of the child’s views).
4. Uninvolved.

Question 18

What is the guidance approach?

Answer 18

Involves parents helping their children to manage their own emotions and learn considerate behaviors.

Question 19

How is parental acceptance and rejection that varies cross culturally be similar in their efforts.

Answer 19

Parental affection has been found to be related to self-esteem in cross cultural studies.

Question 20

What are gender roles?

Answer 20

Specify the range of behaviors considered appropriate for men and women in a given society.

Question 21

How do rejected children differ from neglected children?

Answer 21

1. Rejected children are disliked by peers. Are either bullied or bullies.
2. Neglected children are neither liked nor disliked, they are ignored. Show better academic performance.

Question 22

What is a self concept?

Answer 22

An organized view of ourselves or way of representing information about the self.

Question 23

What is theory of mind?

Answer 23

An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states (such as beliefs and feelings) in oneself and others.

Question 24

What is perspective taking?

Answer 24

The ability to understand other peoples viewpoints.

Question 25

What did Kohlberg’s cognitive-devlopment theory propose about children’s understanding of gender?

Answer 25

1. Gender identity: Ability to characterize the self and others as male and female.
2. Gender stability: Understanding that gender remains constant over time.
3. Gender constancy: Understanding that gender cannot be altered by changes in appearance or activities.

Question 26

What are gender schemas?

Answer 26

Mental representations that associate psychological characteristics with each sex.

Question 27

What is sex role ideology?

Answer 27

Beliefs about appropriate behavior of the sexes.

Question 28

What is morality?

Answer 28

The rules that people use to balance the conflicting interests of themselves and others.

Question 29

What are Piaget’s two suggested stages of morality?

Answer 29

1. Morality of constraint (before the ages of 9-10, conformity to societies rules that are viewed as unchanging and unchangeable
2. Morality of cooperation (Older children and adults view rules as strategies for keeping societies interactions safe, fair, and comfortable. Rules can be changed with mutual consent..

Question 30

What are Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning?

Answer 30

1. Preconventional: Morality centres on avoiding punishment and obtaining reward.
2. Conventional: Morality centres on meeting moral standards learned from others, avoiding disapproval and maintaining law and order.
3. Postconventional: Morality centres on abstract, carefully considered principles.

Question 31

What is prosocial behavior?

Answer 31

Behavior that benefits other individuals or groups.

Question 32

How does the information processing model of morality work?

Answer 32

It breaks down moral thinking into component processes and examines the way each of them change in childhood.

Question 33

Explain the psychodynamic view of moral development.

Answer 33

Moral development occurs through identification or internalization. Values of the parents first, then their own.

Question 34

What is empathy?

Answer 34

The feeling for another person who is hurting.

Question 35

What are the two components of empathy?

Answer 35

1. Cognitive: Understanding what another person is experiencing
2. Emotional: experiencing a similar reaction.

Question 36

What is empathic distress?

Answer 36

Feeling upset for another person. Which motivates moral or prosocial behavior.

Question 37

What is Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development?

Answer 37

1. That social development continues through the lifespan.
2. Stages in development of the person as a social being.
3. Each stage is met with developmental tasks that are normative for that period in life.
4. Each task involves a crisis.

Question 38

What is the conflict model?

Answer 38

Conflict and crisis in adolescents is normal and people need to go through this process in order to separate psychologically from their parents and to create their own identity.

Question 39

What is the continuity model?

Answer 39

Adolescence is not a turbulent period but is essentially continuous with childhood and adulthood.

Question 40

What factors have been found to interfere with marital intimacy and satisfaction?

Answer 40

1. The birth of a child

2. Midlife crisis.