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Psychology 2 > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is confabulation?

A

The invention of plausible and detailed false memories in response about personal life and public events to fill in memory gaps.

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2
Q

What is memory?

A

The process by which we take something we have observed (encountered) and convert it into a form we can store, retrieve and use.

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3
Q

What are the processes of memory?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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4
Q

What are representational modes?

A

They are like languages that permit conversation with the mind.

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5
Q

What is a mental representation?

A

A mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli,

  1. Sensory representations
  2. Verbal representations
  3. Motoric representations
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6
Q

What is a sensory register?

A

Hold information about a perceived stimulus for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears.

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7
Q

What are two types of sensory register?

A
  1. Iconic storage

2. Echoic storage

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8
Q

What is Iconic storage?

A

Momentary storage of visual information

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9
Q

What is Echoic storage?

A

Momentary storage of auditory information.

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10
Q

What is Short-term memory?

A

Holds a small amount of information (limited capacity of approximately 7 items) for a short period of time (limited duration of approximately 20-30 seconds).

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11
Q

How can you keep information in STM longer?

A

Rehearsal / Elaborative rehearsal (Thinking about the information whilst rehearsing.

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12
Q

What is Long-term memory?

A

The representations of facts, images, actions and skills that may persist over a lifetime (potentially limitless duration).

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13
Q

What is the process of extracting information from the LTM?

A

Retrieval.

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14
Q

What is the best way to keep information in the LTM?

A

Keep it in the STM for as long as possible.

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15
Q

What is the Serial Position Effect?

A

The tendency to remember information at the beginning and end of a list rather than in the middle.

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16
Q

What are ways in which thinking about memory has no evolved?

A
  1. No longer a serial processing model.
  2. Memory is now thought of to be a number of modules which are discreet but interdependent.
  3. Remembering is not always conscious and retroactive.
  4. Not thought of as a computer.
  5. LTM must engage before STM.
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17
Q

What is working memory?

A

The temporary storage and processing of information.

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18
Q

What is working memory used to do?

A
  1. Solve problems
  2. Respond to environmental demands
  3. Achieve goals.
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19
Q

Working memory is comprised of what three memory systems?

A
  1. Central executive (flow and processing of information)
  2. Visual memory store (visual sketchpad)
  3. Verbal memory store (phonological loop).
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20
Q

What are two separate aspects of working memory?

A
  1. Storage capacity

2. Processing capacity.

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21
Q

What neural region is thought to control working memory?

A

The prefrontal cortex

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22
Q

What is a LTM deficit?

A

Person shows normal working memory though cannot transfer information to LTM

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23
Q

What is working memory deficit?.

A

Person has a memory span of 2 digits though normal LTM.

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24
Q

How should working memory be viewed?

A

As a conscious workspace for accomplishing goals rather than a way station or gateway to LTM.

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25
Q

How are LTM and Working memory related?

A

Working memory activates knowledge from the LTM.

26
Q

What is chunking?

A

The use of knowledge from LTM to increase the capacity of working memory - The grouping of information into larger units rather than single units or digits.

27
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Memory for facts and events, much of which can be tested or declared. Two components

  1. Semantic of generic
  2. Episodic
28
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Generic memory for general world knowledge

29
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Consists of memories of particular events rather than general knowledge. Often autobiographical.

30
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

The ‘how to’ knowledge of procedures or skills. Often occurs without conscious effort.

31
Q

What are the two ways people express knowledge?

A
  1. Explicit memory.

2. Implicit memory.

32
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Memory that is expressed through conscious recollection. The conscious retrieval of information.

33
Q

What are the two components to explicit memory?

A
  1. Recall - spontaneous recollection of information from the LTM.
  2. Recognition - The identification of something previously seen or heard.
34
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Memory that is expressed in behavior but does not require conscious recollection.

35
Q

What neural regions are involved in the consolidation of explicit memories?

A

The hippocampus and adjacent regions of the cortex.

36
Q

What are the two components of everyday memory?

A
  1. Retrospective memory

2. Prospective memory

37
Q

What is retrospective memory?

A

memory of things from the past.

38
Q

What is prospective memory?

A

Memory for things that need to be done in the future.
Remembering to remember
Remembering what to remember.

39
Q

What is encoding?

A

The storage of information in LTM requires that it be cast into a representational form. The type and level of encoding influences the accessibility of information.

40
Q

What are the two levels of LTM processing?

A
  1. Shallow processing

2. Deep processing

41
Q

What is shallow processing?

A

Focus on the physical characteristics of the stimulus.

42
Q

What is deep processing?

A

Focus on the meaning of the stimulus.

43
Q

What is context dependent memory?

A

Information is easier to recall when it is encoded and retrieved in the same context.

44
Q

What is Mood (state) congruent memory?

A

Information is easier to recall when it is encoded and retrieved in the same emotional state.

45
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

Ease of retrieval depends on the match between the way information is encoded and later retrieved.

46
Q

What is the spacing effect?

A

Superiority of memory for information rehearsed over .longer intervals.

47
Q

What is the best way to encode and retrieve information?

A

To store memory in multiple representational modes such as words, images and sounds.

48
Q

Explain how pieces of information stored in memory for networks of association.

A

LTM is organized in clusters of information that are related in meaning.

  1. The network is comprised of interconnected nodes.
  2. A node may contain thoughts, images, smells, emotions or any other information.
49
Q

What is spreading activation theory?

A

Activating one node in a network triggers activation in closely related nodes.

50
Q

How are both encoding and retrieval of information affected by schemas?

A

When confronted with a novel event people match it against schemas stored in memory.

51
Q

What is a schema?

A

Patterns of thought, or organized knowledge structures that render the environment relatively predictable.

52
Q

How do schemas affect the way people remember.

A
  1. By influencing the way information is encoded.

2. By shaping the way information is reconstructed.

53
Q

What are the seven sins of memory described by Daniel Schacter?

A
  1. Transience: memories fade with time
  2. Absent-mindedness
  3. Misattribution: source amnesia
  4. Suggestibility: thinking we remember
  5. Bias: distortions in recall
  6. Persistence: recurring memories
  7. Forgetting: inability to remember.
54
Q

How is memory subject to errors and bias’?

A

Memory can be primed

Memory is altered by emotional factors.

55
Q

What is Flashbulb memory?

A

Vivid memories of exciting or highly consequential events.

56
Q

Why are Flashbulb memories unreliable?

A

They often provide a snapshot or clarity that can be inaccurate or even entirely wrong.

57
Q

What are three theory’s of forgetting?

A
  1. Decay theory
  2. Interference theory - conflict between new and old.
  3. Motivated forgetting.
58
Q

Why is it difficult to address the issue of false memories of childhood trauma?

A

It is almost impossible to distinguish between false and recovered memories.

59
Q

What is anterograde amnesia? And what causes it?

A

Involves the inability to retain new memories, usually caused by damage to the temporal lobe particularly the hippocampus and subcortical region.

60
Q

What is retrograde amnesia? And what causes it?

A

Involves loosing memories from before the time that the persons brain was damaged.
Tumors, strokes, ECT.

Psychology 2 (11 decks)

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